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Nucleic Acids Research, 1984, Vol. 12, No. 2 857-872
© 1984


SURVEYS AND SUMMARIES

Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs

Marilyn Kozak

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA

Received November 15, 1983. Accepted November 21, 1983.

5'-Noncoding sequences have been tabulated for 211 messenger R'JAs from higher eukaryotic cells. The 5'-proximal AUG triplet serves as the initiator codon in 95% of the mRNAs examined. The most conspicuous conserved feature is the presence of a purine (most often A) three nucleotides upstream from the AUG initiator codon; only 6 of the mRNAs in the survey have a pyrimidine in that position. There is a predominance of C in positions –1, –2, –4 and –5, just upstream from the initiator codon. The sequence Formula(G) thus emerges as a consensus sequence for eukaryotic initiation sites. The extent to which the ribosome binding site in a given mRNA matches the –1 to –5 consensus sequence varies: more than half of the mRNAs in the tabulation have 3 or 4 nucleotides in common with the CCACC consensus, but only ten mRNAs conform perfectly.


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D. S. Rao, J. C. Chang, P. D. Kumar, I. Mizukami, G. M. Smithson, S. V. Bradley, A. F. Parlow, and T. S. Ross
Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1 Is a Clathrin Coat Binding Protein Required for Differentiation of late Spermatogenic Progenitors
Mol. Cell. Biol., November 15, 2001; 21(22): 7796 - 7806.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
B. S. Finlin, C.-L. Gau, G. A. Murphy, H. Shao, T. Kimel, R. S. Seitz, Y.-F. Chiu, D. Botstein, P. O. Brown, C. J. Der, et al.
RERG Is a Novel ras-related, Estrogen-regulated and Growth-inhibitory Gene in Breast Cancer
J. Biol. Chem., November 2, 2001; 276(45): 42259 - 42267.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Med. Genet.Home page
P. Eller, B. Foger, R. Gander, T. Sauper, M. Lechleitner, G. Finkenstedt, and J. R Patsch
Wolfram syndrome: a clinical and molecular genetic analysis
J. Med. Genet., November 1, 2001; 38 (11): e37 - e37.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Kitagawa, T. Uyama, and K. Sugahara
Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Human Chondroitin Synthase
J. Biol. Chem., October 12, 2001; 276(42): 38721 - 38726.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Saiardi, E. Nagata, H. R. Luo, A. M. Snowman, and S. H. Snyder
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Inositol Hexakisphosphate Kinase
J. Biol. Chem., October 12, 2001; 276(42): 39179 - 39185.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol Biol EvolHome page
K. Kusche and T. Burmester
Diplopod Hemocyanin Sequence and the Phylogenetic Position of the Myriapoda
Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2001; 18(8): 1566 - 1573.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
J. Bogerd, M. Blomenröhr, E. Andersson, H.H.A.G.M. van der Putten, C.P. Tensen, H.F. Vischer, J.C.M. Granneman, C. Janssen-Dommerholt, H.J.Th. Goos, and R.W. Schulz
Discrepancy Between Molecular Structure and Ligand Selectivity of a Testicular Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Biol Reprod, June 1, 2001; 64(6): 1633 - 1643.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Cancer Res.Home page
L. Tsavaler, M. H. Shapero, S. Morkowski, and R. Laus
Trp-p8, a Novel Prostate-specific Gene, Is Up-Regulated in Prostate Cancer and Other Malignancies and Shares High Homology with Transient Receptor Potential Calcium Channel Proteins
Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 61(9): 3760 - 3769.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Physiol.Home page
F. Muller, M. Vantler, D. Weitz, E. Eismann, M. Zoche, K.-W. Koch, and U B. Kaupp
Ligand sensitivity of the {alpha}2 subunit from the bovine cone cGMP-gated channel is modulated by protein kinase C but not by calmodulin
J. Physiol., April 15, 2001; 532(2): 399 - 409.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ScienceHome page
A. Courseaux and J.-L. Nahon
Birth of Two Chimeric Genes in the Hominidae Lineage
Science, February 16, 2001; 291(5507): 1293 - 1297.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. P. Fling, R. A. Sutherland, L. N. Steele, B. Hess, S. E. F. D'Orazio, J.-F. Maisonneuve, M. F. Lampe, P. Probst, and M. N. Starnbach
CD8+ T cells recognize an inclusion membrane-associated protein from the vacuolar pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis
PNAS, January 30, 2001; 98(3): 1160 - 1165.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. Santagata, C. A. Gomez, C. Sobacchi, F. Bozzi, M. Abinun, S. Pasic, P. Cortes, P. Vezzoni, and A. Villa
N-terminal RAG1 frameshift mutations in Omenn's syndrome: Internal methionine usage leads to partial V(D)J recombination activity and reveals a fundamental role in vivo for the N-terminal domains
PNAS, December 19, 2000; 97(26): 14572 - 14577.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J Exp BotHome page
A. Balestrazzi, A. Chini, G. Bernacchia, A. Bracci, G. Luccarini, R. Cella, and D. Carbonera
Carrot cells contain two top1 genes having the coding capacity for two distinct DNA topoisomerases I
J. Exp. Bot., December 1, 2000; 51(353): 1979 - 1990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
P. Prapunpoj, K. Yamauchi, N. Nishiyama, S. J. Richardson, and G. Schreiber
Evolution of structure, ontogeny of gene expression, and function of Xenopus laevis transthyretin
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): R2026 - R2041.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
S. Y. Sharp, L. R. Kelland, M. R. Valenti, L. A. Brunton, S. Hobbs, and P. Workman
Establishment of an Isogenic Human Colon Tumor Model for NQO1 Gene Expression: Application to Investigate the Role of DT-Diaphorase in Bioreductive Drug Activation In Vitro and In Vivo
Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2000; 58(5): 1146 - 1155.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Toxicol SciHome page
K. Saito, Y. Tomigahara, N. Ohe, N. Isobe, I. Nakatsuka, and H. Kaneko
Lack of Significant Estrogenic or Antiestrogenic Activity of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Three in Vitro Assays Based on Classic Estrogen Receptor {alpha}-Mediated Mechanisms
Toxicol. Sci., September 1, 2000; 57(1): 54 - 60.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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IOVSHome page
W. C. Smith, E. V. Gurevich, D. R. Dugger, S. A. Vishnivetskiy, C. L. Shelamer, J. H. McDowell, and V. V. Gurevich
Cloning and Functional Characterization of Salamander Rod and Cone Arrestins
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2000; 41(9): 2445 - 2455.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Cancer Res.Home page
R. J. Knox, T. C. Jenkins, S. M. Hobbs, S. Chen, R. G. Melton, and P. J. Burke
Bioactivation of 5-(Aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (CB 1954) by Human NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 2: A Novel Co-substrate-mediated Antitumor Prodrug Therapy
Cancer Res., August 1, 2000; 60(15): 4179 - 4186.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
V. A. Westbrook, A. B. Diekman, K. L. Klotz, V. V. Khole, C. v. Kap-Herr, W. L. Golden, R. L. Eddy, T. B. Shows, M. H. Stoler, C.-Y. G. Lee, et al.
Spermatid-Specific Expression of the Novel X-Linked Gene Product SPAN-X Localized to the Nucleus of Human Spermatozoa
Biol Reprod, August 1, 2000; 63(2): 469 - 481.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Cancer Res.Home page
D. W. Lee, K. Zhang, Z.-Q. Ning, E. H. Raabe, S. Tintner, R. Wieland, B. J. Wilkins, J. M. Kim, R. I. Blough, and R. J. Arceci
Proliferation-associated SNF2-like Gene (PASG): A SNF2 Family Member Altered in Leukemia1
Cancer Res., July 1, 2000; 60(13): 3612 - 3622.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Immunol.Home page
J. H. Ellis, C. Ashman, M. N. Burden, K. E. Kilpatrick, M. A. Morse, and P. A. Hamblin
GRID: A Novel Grb-2-Related Adapter Protein That Interacts with the Activated T Cell Costimulatory Receptor CD28
J. Immunol., June 1, 2000; 164(11): 5805 - 5814.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Hum Mol GenetHome page
J. K. Millar, J. C. Wilson-Annan, S. Anderson, S. Christie, M. S. Taylor, C. A. M. Semple, R. S. Devon, D. M. S. Clair, W. J. Muir, D. H. R. Blackwood, et al.
Disruption of two novel genes by a translocation co-segregating with schizophrenia
Hum. Mol. Genet., May 22, 2000; 9(9): 1415 - 1423.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Hum Mol GenetHome page
A. Bulfone, E. Menguzzato, V. Broccoli, A. Marchitiello, C. Gattuso, M. Mariani, G. G. Consalez, S. Martinez, A. Ballabio, and S. Banfi
Barhl1, a gene belonging to a new subfamily of mammalian homeobox genes, is expressed in migrating neurons of the CNS
Hum. Mol. Genet., May 22, 2000; 9(9): 1443 - 1452.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Virol.Home page
S. Sei, Q.-e. Yang, D. O'Neill, K. Yoshimura, K. Nagashima, and H. Mitsuya
Identification of a Key Target Sequence To Block Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication within the gag-pol Transframe Domain
J. Virol., May 15, 2000; 74(10): 4621 - 4633.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Virol.Home page
G.-J. J. Chang, A. R. Hunt, and B. Davis
A Single Intramuscular Injection of Recombinant Plasmid DNA Induces Protective Immunity and Prevents Japanese Encephalitis in Mice
J. Virol., May 1, 2000; 74(9): 4244 - 4252.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Nucleic Acids ResHome page
M. Peterfy, T. Gyuris, and L. Takacs
Signal-exon trap: a novel method for the identification of signal sequences from genomic DNA
Nucleic Acids Res., April 1, 2000; 28(7): e26 - e26.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JDRHome page
C.-C. Hu, T.C. Hart, B.R. Dupont, J.J. Chen, X. Sun, Q. Qian, C.H. Zhang, H. Jiang, V.L. Mattern, J.T. Wright, et al.
Cloning Human Enamelin cDNA, Chromosomal Localization, and Analysis of Expression during Tooth Development
Journal of Dental Research, April 1, 2000; 79(4): 912 - 919.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
E. Yakirevich and Y. Naot
Cloning of a Glucose Phosphate Isomerase/Neuroleukin-Like Sperm Antigen Involved in Sperm Agglutination
Biol Reprod, April 1, 2000; 62(4): 1016 - 1023.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Virol.Home page
M. D. Baron and T. Barrett
Rinderpest Viruses Lacking the C and V Proteins Show Specific Defects in Growth and Transcription of Viral RNAs
J. Virol., March 15, 2000; 74(6): 2603 - 2611.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Wang and J. S. Morrow
Identification and Characterization of Human SLP-2, a Novel Homologue of Stomatin (Band 7.2b) Present in Erythrocytes and Other Tissues
J. Biol. Chem., March 10, 2000; 275(11): 8062 - 8071.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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GlycobiologyHome page
T. Takahashi, R. Honda, and Y. Nishikawa
Cloning of the human cDNA which can complement the defect of the yeast mannosyltransferase I-deficient mutant alg 1
Glycobiology, March 1, 2000; 10(3): 321 - 327.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
D. Hasenstab, H. Lea, and A. W. Clowes
Local Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 Overexpression in Rat Carotid Artery Enhances Thrombosis and Endothelial Regeneration While Inhibiting Intimal Thickening
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2000; 20(3): 853 - 859.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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