Nucleic Acids Research, 1990, Vol. 18, No. 19 5799-5805
© 1990
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY |
Point mutations in AAUAAA and the poly (A) addition site: effects on the accuracy and efficiency of cleavage and polyadenylation in vitro
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Program, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706, USA 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706, USA
*To whom correspondence should be addressed
Received May 21, 1990. Revised September 5, 1990. Accepted September 5, 1990.
Three sequences in the vicinity of poly (A) addition sites are conserved among vertebrate mRNAs. We analyze the effects of single base changes in each position of AAUAAA and in the nucleotlde to which poly (A) is added on 3' end formation in vitro. All 18 possible single base changes of the AAUAAA sequence greatly reduce addition of poly (A) to RNAs that end at the poly (A) addition site, and prevent cleavage of RNAs that extend beyond. The magnitude of reduction varies greatly with the position changed and the base introduced. For any given mutation, cleavage and polyadenylation are reduced to similar extents, strongly suggesting that the same factor interacts with AAUAAA in both reactions. Mutations at and near the conserved adenosine to which poly (A) Is added disturb the accuracy, but not the efficiency, of 3' end formation. For example, point mutations at the conserved adenosine shift the 3' end of the most abundant 5' half-molecule downstream by a single nucleotide. The mechanism by which these mutations might exert their effects on the precision of 3' end formation are discussed.
+Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Y. Shen, G. Ji, B. J. Haas, X. Wu, J. Zheng, G. J. Reese, and Q. Q. Li Genome level analysis of rice mRNA 3'-end processing signals and alternative polyadenylation Nucleic Acids Res., May 1, 2008; 36(9): 3150 - 3161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Shen, Y. Liu, L. Liu, C. Liang, and Q. Q. Li Unique Features of Nuclear mRNA Poly(A) Signals and Alternative Polyadenylation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Genetics, May 1, 2008; 179(1): 167 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-H. Lee, H.-S. Choi, H. Kim, and Y. Lee ERK is a novel regulatory kinase for poly(A) polymerase Nucleic Acids Res., February 11, 2008; 36(3): 803 - 813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Graber, J. Salisbury, L. N. Hutchins, and T. Blumenthal C. elegans sequences that control trans-splicing and operon pre-mRNA processing RNA, September 1, 2007; 13(9): 1409 - 1426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. C. Graham, H. Manku, S. Wagner, J. Reid, K. Timms, A. Gutin, J. S. Lanchbury, and T. J. Vyse Association of IRF5 in UK SLE families identifies a variant involved in polyadenylation Hum. Mol. Genet., March 15, 2007; 16(6): 579 - 591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Dalziel, N. M. Nunes, and A. Furger Two G-Rich Regulatory Elements Located Adjacent to and 440 Nucleotides Downstream of the Core Poly(A) Site of the Intronless Melanocortin Receptor 1 Gene Are Critical for Efficient 3' End Processing Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 2007; 27(5): 1568 - 1580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Jaworski, M. Beem-Miller, G. Lluri, and R. Barrantes-Reynolds Potential regulatory relationship between the nested gene DDC8 and its host gene tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 Physiol Genomics, January 17, 2007; 28(2): 168 - 178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. WEST, K. ZARET, and N. J. PROUDFOOT Transcriptional termination sequences in the mouse serum albumin gene. RNA, April 1, 2006; 12(4): 655 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Marks, O. Vorst, A. M. M. L. van Houwelingen, M. C. W. van Hulten, and J. M. Vlak Gene-expression profiling of White spot syndrome virus in vivo J. Gen. Virol., July 1, 2005; 86(7): 2081 - 2100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Venkataraman, K. M. Brown, and G. M. Gilmartin Analysis of a noncanonical poly(A) site reveals a tripartite mechanism for vertebrate poly(A) site recognition Genes & Dev., June 1, 2005; 19(11): 1315 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Hall-Pogar, H. Zhang, B. Tian, and C. S. Lutz Alternative polyadenylation of cyclooxygenase-2 Nucleic Acids Res., May 4, 2005; 33(8): 2565 - 2579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sachchithananthan, S. J. Stasinopoulos, J. Wilusz, and R. L. Medcalf The relationship between the prothrombin upstream sequence element and the G20210A polymorphism: the influence of a competitive environment for mRNA 3'-end formation Nucleic Acids Res., February 17, 2005; 33(3): 1010 - 1020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Tian, J. Hu, H. Zhang, and C. S. Lutz A large-scale analysis of mRNA polyadenylation of human and mouse genes Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2005; 33(1): 201 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. von Ahsen and M. Oellerich The intronic prothrombin 19911A>G polymorphism influences splicing efficiency and modulates effects of the 20210G>A polymorphism on mRNA amount and expression in a stable reporter gene assay system Blood, January 15, 2004; 103(2): 586 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.F. Vischer, A.C.C. Teves, J.C.M. Ackermans, W. van Dijk, R.W. Schulz, and J. Bogerd Cloning and Spatiotemporal Expression of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone {beta} Subunit Complementary DNA in the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Biol Reprod, April 1, 2003; 68(4): 1324 - 1332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. I. Zarudnaya, I. M. Kolomiets, A. L. Potyahaylo, and D. M. Hovorun Downstream elements of mammalian pre-mRNA polyadenylation signals: primary, secondary and higher-order structures Nucleic Acids Res., March 1, 2003; 31(5): 1375 - 1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Cui, A.-P. Hsia, F. Liu, D. A. Ashlock, R. P. Wise, and P. S. Schnable Alternative Transcription Initiation Sites and Polyadenylation Sites Are Recruited During Mu Suppression at the rf2a Locus of Maize Genetics, February 1, 2003; 163(2): 685 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Shibata and J. T. Lee Characterization and quantitation of differential Tsix transcripts: implications for Tsix function Hum. Mol. Genet., January 15, 2003; 12(2): 125 - 136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Cheng, J. M. Li, J. Chen, Y. H. Ge, Z. R. Yu, D. S. Han, Z. M. Zhou, and J. H. Sha NYD-SP16, a Novel Gene Associated with Spermatogenesis of Human Testis Biol Reprod, January 1, 2003; 68(1): 190 - 198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-B. Choo, H.-H. Chen, T. Y.-C. Liu, and C.-P. Chang Different modes of regulation of transcription and pre-mRNA processing of the structurally juxtaposed homologs, Rnf33 and Rnf35, in eggs and in pre-implantation embryos Nucleic Acids Res., November 15, 2002; 30(22): 4836 - 4844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Hu, J. Bi, H. H. Loh, and L.-N. Wei Regulation of Mouse kappa Opioid Receptor Gene Expression by Different 3'-Untranslated Regions and the Effect of Retinoic Acid Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2002; 62(4): 881 - 887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. L. Chan, D. New, S. Ghandhi, F. Wong, C. M. C. Lam, and J. T. Y. Wong Transcript Levels of the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A Gene Peak at Early G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle in the Dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2002; 68(5): 2278 - 2284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. K. Arhin, M. Boots, P. S. Bagga, C. Milcarek, and J. Wilusz Downstream sequence elements with different affinities for the hnRNP H/H' protein influence the processing efficiency of mammalian polyadenylation signals Nucleic Acids Res., April 15, 2002; 30(8): 1842 - 1850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rothenburg, T. Schwartz, F. Koch-Nolte, and F. Haag Complex regulation of the human gene for the Z-DNA binding protein DLM-1 Nucleic Acids Res., February 15, 2002; 30(4): 993 - 1000. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-D. Yeh, Y.-J. Chen, A. C. Y. Chang, R. Ray, B.-R. She, W.-S. Lee, H.-S. Chiang, S. N. Cohen, and S. Lin-Chao Isolation and Properties of Gas8, a Growth Arrest-specific Gene Regulated during Male Gametogenesis to Produce a Protein Associated with the Sperm Motility Apparatus J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2002; 277(8): 6311 - 6317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Tanaka, J. Kohroki, N. Iguchi, M. Onishi, and Y. Nishimune Cloning and characterization of a human orthologue of testis-specific succinyl CoA: 3-oxo acid CoA transferase (Scot-t) cDNA Mol. Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2002; 8(1): 16 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Chagnovich and R. Lehmann Poly(A)-independent regulation of maternal hunchback translation in the Drosophila embryo PNAS, September 13, 2001; (2001) 201284398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Pauws, A. H. C. van Kampen, S. A. R. van de Graaf, J. J. M. de Vijlder, and C. Ris-Stalpers Heterogeneity in polyadenylation cleavage sites in mammalian mRNA sequences: implications for SAGE analysis Nucleic Acids Res., April 15, 2001; 29(8): 1690 - 1694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Koga, H. Tanaka, K. Yomogida, M. Nozaki, J. Tsuchida, H. Ohta, Y. Nakamura, K. Masai, Y. Yoshimura, M. Yamanaka, et al. Isolation and Characterization of a Haploid Germ Cell-Specific Novel Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Testis-Specific Homologue of Succinyl CoA:3-Oxo Acid CoA Transferase Biol Reprod, December 1, 2000; 63(6): 1601 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kawamoto, J. Yoshii, K. Mizuno, K. Ito, Y. Miyamoto, T. Ohnishi, R. Matoba, N. Hori, Y. Matsumoto, T. Okumura, et al. BodyMap: A Collection of 3' ESTs for Analysis of Human Gene Expression Information Genome Res., November 1, 2000; 10(11): 1817 - 1827. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. KARNOWSKI, P. YU, G. ACHATZ, and M. C. LAMERS The Road to the Production of IgE Is Long and Winding Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2000; 162(3): S71 - 75. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. de León, K. P. Vatsis, and W. W. Weber Characterization of Naturally Occurring and Recombinant Human N-Acetyltransferase Variants Encoded by NAT1* Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2000; 58(2): 288 - 299. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Beaudoing, S. Freier, J. R. Wyatt, J.-M. Claverie, and D. Gautheret Patterns of Variant Polyadenylation Signal Usage in Human Genes Genome Res., July 1, 2000; 10(7): 1001 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Caffrey, S. T. Safrany, X. Yang, and S. B. Shears Discovery of Molecular and Catalytic Diversity among Human Diphosphoinositol-Polyphosphate Phosphohydrolases. AN EXPANDING NUDT FAMILY J. Biol. Chem., April 21, 2000; 275(17): 12730 - 12736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Brackenridge and N. J. Proudfoot Recruitment of a Basal Polyadenylation Factor by the Upstream Sequence Element of the Human Lamin B2 Polyadenylation Signal Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2000; 20(8): 2660 - 2669. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. F. O'Donnell, S. Tiong, D. Nash, and D. V. Clark The Drosophila melanogaster ade5 Gene Encodes a Bifunctional Enzyme for Two Steps in the de novo Purine Synthesis Pathway Genetics, March 1, 2000; 154(3): 1239 - 1253. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Paran, A. Ori, I. Haviv, and Y. Shaul A Composite Polyadenylation Signal with TATA Box Function Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 2000; 20(3): 834 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Graber, C. R. Cantor, S. C. Mohr, and T. F. Smith In silico detection of control signals: mRNA 3'-end-processing sequences in diverse species PNAS, November 23, 1999; 96(24): 14055 - 14060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Terhune, C. Milcarek, and L. A. Laimins Regulation of Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Polyadenylation during the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle J. Virol., September 1, 1999; 73(9): 7185 - 7192. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. van Oers, J. M. Vlak, H. O. Voorma, and A. A. M. Thomas Role of the 3' untranslated region of baculovirus p10 mRNA in high-level expression of foreign genes J. Gen. Virol., August 1, 1999; 80(8): 2253 - 2262. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Kirshner, K. Staskus, A. Haase, M. Lagunoff, and D. Ganem Expression of the Open Reading Frame 74 (G-Protein-Coupled Receptor) Gene of Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS)-Associated Herpesvirus: Implications for KS Pathogenesis J. Virol., July 1, 1999; 73(7): 6006 - 6014. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Wallace, B. Dass, S. E. Ravnik, V. Tonk, N. A. Jenkins, D. J. Gilbert, N. G. Copeland, and C. C. MacDonald Two distinct forms of the 64,000 Mr protein of the cleavage stimulation factor are expressed in mouse male germ cells PNAS, June 8, 1999; 96(12): 6763 - 6768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Zhao, L. Hyman, and C. Moore Formation of mRNA 3' Ends in Eukaryotes: Mechanism, Regulation, and Interrelationships with Other Steps in mRNA Synthesis Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 1999; 63(2): 405 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Heuze, S. Olayat, N. Gutman, M.-L. Zani, and Y. Courty Molecular Cloning and Expression of an Alternative hKLK3 Transcript Coding for a Variant Protein of Prostate-specific Antigen Cancer Res., June 1, 1999; 59(12): 2820 - 2824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nayernia, M. H.P. von Mering, K. Kraszucka, P. Burfeind, A. Wehrend, M. Köhler, M. Schmid, and W. Engel A Novel Testicular Haploid Expressed Gene (THEG) Involved in Mouse Spermatid-Sertoli Cell Interaction Biol Reprod, June 1, 1999; 60(6): 1488 - 1495. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Stover, S. Thiel, M. Thelen, N. J. Lynch, T. Vorup-Jensen, J. C. Jensenius, and W. J. Schwaeble Two Constituents of the Initiation Complex of the Mannan-Binding Lectin Activation Pathway of Complement Are Encoded by a Single Structural Gene J. Immunol., March 15, 1999; 162(6): 3481 - 3490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D. Frank and J. R. Parnes The Level of CD4 Surface Protein Influences T Cell Selection in the Thymus J. Immunol., January 15, 1998; 160(2): 634 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-M. Wu, D. W. Stafford, L. D. Frazier, Y.-Y. Fu, K. A. High, K. Chu, B. Sanchez-Vega, and J. Solera Genomic Sequence and Transcription Start Site for the Human gamma -Glutamyl Carboxylase Blood, June 1, 1997; 89(11): 4058 - 4062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Tang, G. A. Keesler, and I. Tabas The Structure of the Gene for Murine CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase, Ctpct. RELATIONSHIP OF EXON STRUCTURE TO FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS AND IDENTIFICATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES AND POTENTIAL UPSTREAM REGULATORY ELEMENTS J. Biol. Chem., May 16, 1997; 272(20): 13146 - 13151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Holst and P. F. Zipfel A Zinc Finger Gene from Onchocerca volvulus Encodes a Protein with a Functional Signal Peptide and an Unusual Ser-His Finger Motif J. Biol. Chem., July 12, 1996; 271(28): 16725 - 16733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Neddermann, P. Gallinari, T. Lettieri, D. Schmid, O. Truong, J. J. Hsuan, K. Wiebauer, and J. Jiricny Cloning and Expression of Human G/T Mismatch-specific Thymine-DNA Glycosylase J. Biol. Chem., May 31, 1996; 271(22): 12767 - 12774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Owczarek, M. J. Layton, L. G. Robb, N. A. Nicola, and C. G. Begley Molecular Basis of the Soluble and Membrane-bound Forms of the Murine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha-Chain J. Biol. Chem., March 8, 1996; 271(10): 5495 - 5504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Levy, N. S. Levy, and M. A. Goldberg Post-transcriptional Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Hypoxia J. Biol. Chem., February 2, 1996; 271(5): 2746 - 2753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Bartles, A Wierda, and L Zheng Identification and characterization of espin, an actin-binding protein localized to the F-actin-rich junctional plaques of Sertoli cell ectoplasmic specializations J. Cell Sci., January 6, 1996; 109(6): 1229 - 1239. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Vuoristo, T. Pihlajamaa, P. Vandenberg, D. J. Prockop, and L. Ala-Kokko The Human COL11A2 Gene Structure Indicates that the Gene Has Not Evolved with the Genes for the Major Fibrillar Collagens J. Biol. Chem., September 29, 1995; 270(39): 22873 - 22881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Levy, N. S. Levy, S. Wegner, and M. A. Goldberg Transcriptional Regulation of the Rat Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene by Hypoxia J. Biol. Chem., June 2, 1995; 270(22): 13333 - 13340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. C. Kan and R. G. Moran Analysis of a Mouse Gene Encoding Three Steps of Purine Synthesis Reveals Use of an Intronic Polyadenylation Signal without Alternative Exon Usage J. Biol. Chem., January 27, 1995; 270(4): 1823 - 1832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Niwa and S M Berget Mutation of the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal depresses in vitro splicing of proximal but not distal introns. Genes & Dev., November 1, 1991; 5(11): 2086 - 2095. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Yousef, A. Scorilas, K. Jung, L. K. Ashworth, and E. P. Diamandis Molecular Cloning of the Human Kallikrein 15 Gene (KLK15). UP-REGULATION IN PROSTATE CANCER J. Biol. Chem., January 5, 2001; 276(1): 53 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Dass, K. W. McMahon, N. A. Jenkins, D. J. Gilbert, N. G. Copeland, and C. C. MacDonald The Gene for a Variant Form of the Polyadenylation Protein CstF-64 Is on Chromosome 19 and Is Expressed in Pachytene Spermatocytes in Mice J. Biol. Chem., March 9, 2001; 276(11): 8044 - 8050. [Abstract] |