Nucleic Acids Research, 1994, Vol. 22, No. 25 5540-5547
© 1994
Articles |
Translation start site multiplicity of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein 
mRNA is dictated by a small 5' open reading frame
Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
*To whom correspondence should be addressed
Received October 18, 1994. Revised November 9, 1994. Accepted November 14, 1994.
The CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) 
and ß of the bZIP family of transcription factors each occur as multiple forms due to translation Initiation at different in-frame AUG codons from the same messenger RNA. The C/EBP mRNAs of chicken, rat and Xenopus all contain a small 5' open reading frame (5'ORF) whose size (18 nucleotldes) and distance (seven nucleotides) to the C/EBP clstron has been conserved in vertebrate evolution. The present studies shows that the small 5'ORF Is crucial to the leaky scanning mechanism of ribosomes causing a fraction of them to ignore the first C/EBP AUG codon and to start at Internal AUGs. Our data challenge the view that translational start site multiplicity is mainly governed by the sequence context of the potential initiation codons. Western analysis showed that the two major chicken C/EBP translation products, the full-length cC/EBP-42 which acts a frans-actlvator in liver and the N-terminally truncated cC/EBP-29 which lacks transcription activation potential, occur In a fixed ratio which Is similar In different expressing tissues, like liver, lung and small intestine. The presence of a similar, thusfar unnoticed, small ORF 5' to the major initiation codon of C/EBPß mRNA suggests that start site multiplicity from this mRNA may be governed by the same mechanism.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. H Lo, P. P. Chiou, C M Lin, and T. T Chen Molecular cloning and expression analysis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein genes and their responses to induction by GH in vitro and in vivo J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2007; 194(2): 393 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.-P. Kuang and R. H. Goldstein Regulation of elastin gene transcription by proteasome dysfunction Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): C766 - C773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. A. Timchenko, G.-L. Wang, and L. T. Timchenko RNA CUG-binding Protein 1 Increases Translation of 20-kDa Isoform of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein {beta} by Interacting with the {alpha} and {beta} Subunits of Eukaryotic Initiation Translation Factor 2 J. Biol. Chem., May 27, 2005; 280(21): 20549 - 20557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Schrem, J. Klempnauer, and J. Borlak Liver-Enriched Transcription Factors in Liver Function and Development. Part II: the C/EBPs and D Site-Binding Protein in Cell Cycle Control, Carcinogenesis, Circadian Gene Regulation, Liver Regeneration, Apoptosis, and Liver-Specific Gene Regulation Pharmacol. Rev., June 1, 2004; 56(2): 291 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-C. Li, A. B. Korol, T. Fahima, and E. Nevo Microsatellites Within Genes: Structure, Function, and Evolution Mol. Biol. Evol., June 1, 2004; 21(6): 991 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Keeshan, G. Santilli, F. Corradini, D. Perrotti, and B. Calabretta Transcription activation function of C/EBP{alpha} is required for induction of granulocytic differentiation Blood, August 15, 2003; 102(4): 1267 - 1275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. F. Calkhoven, C. Muller, R. Martin, G. Krosl, T. Hoang, and A. Leutz Translational control of SCL-isoform expression in hematopoietic lineage choice Genes & Dev., April 15, 2003; 17(8): 959 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. T. Timchenko, P. Iakova, A. L. Welm, Z.-J. Cai, and N. A. Timchenko Calreticulin Interacts with C/EBP{alpha} and C/EBP{beta} mRNAs and Represses Translation of C/EBP Proteins Mol. Cell. Biol., October 15, 2002; 22(20): 7242 - 7257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Xiong, C.-C. Hsieh, A. J. Kurtz, J. P. Rabek, and J. Papaconstantinou Regulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-{beta} isoform synthesis by alternative translational initiation at multiple AUG start sites Nucleic Acids Res., July 15, 2001; 29(14): 3087 - 3098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Morris and A. P. Geballe Upstream Open Reading Frames as Regulators of mRNA Translation Mol. Cell. Biol., December 1, 2000; 20(23): 8635 - 8642. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. F. Calkhoven, C. Müller, and A. Leutz Translational control of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta isoform expression Genes & Dev., August 1, 2000; 14(15): 1920 - 1932. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Welm, N. A. Timchenko, and G. J. Darlington C/EBPalpha Regulates Generation of C/EBPbeta Isoforms through Activation of Specific Proteolytic Cleavage Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 1999; 19(3): 1695 - 1704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-C. Hsieh, W. Xiong, Q. Xie, J. P. Rabek, S. G. Scott, M. R. An, P. D. Reisner, D. T. Kuninger, and J. Papaconstantinou Effects of Age on the Posttranscriptional Regulation of CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein alpha and CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein beta Isoform Synthesis in Control and LPS-Treated Livers Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 1998; 9(6): 1479 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Lincoln, Y. Monczak, S. C. Williams, and P. F. Johnson Inhibition of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein alpha and beta Translation by Upstream Open Reading Frames J. Biol. Chem., April 17, 1998; 273(16): 9552 - 9560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Schaufele and F. Schaufele CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein alpha Activation of the Rat Growth Hormone Promoter in Pituitary Progenitor GHFT1-5 Cells J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 1996; 271(35): 21484 - 21489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N A Timchenko, M Wilde, M Nakanishi, J R Smith, and G J Darlington CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha) inhibits cell proliferation through the p21 (WAF-1/CIP-1/SDI-1) protein. Genes & Dev., April 1, 1996; 10(7): 804 - 815. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Welm, S. L. Mackey, L. T. Timchenko, G. J. Darlington, and N. A. Timchenko Translational Induction of Liver-enriched Transcriptional Inhibitory Protein during Acute Phase Response Leads to Repression of CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein alpha mRNA J. Biol. Chem., August 25, 2000; 275(35): 27406 - 27413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Baer and P. F. Johnson Generation of Truncated C/EBPbeta Isoforms by in Vitro Proteolysis J. Biol. Chem., August 18, 2000; 275(34): 26582 - 26590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|