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Nucleic Acids Research, Vol 25, Issue 13 2582-2588, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press

ARTICLES

Visualization of RNA crystal growth by atomic force microscopy

JD Ng, YG Kuznetsov, AJ Malkin, G Keith, R Giege and A McPherson
Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 15 rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.

The crystallization of transfer RNA (tRNA) was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) over the temperature range from 4 to 16 degrees C, and this produced the first in situ AFM images of developing nucleic acid crystals. The growth of the (110) face of hexagonal yeast tRNAPhe crystals was observed to occur at steps on vicinal hillocks generated by multiple screw dislocation sources in the temperature range of 13.5-16 degrees C. Two-dimensional nucleation begins to dominate at 13.5 degrees C, with the appearance of three-dimensional nuclei at 12 degrees C. The changes in growth mechanisms are correlated with variations in supersaturation which is higher in the low temperature range. Growth of tRNA crystals was characterized by a strong anisotropy in the tangential step movement and transformation of growth modes on single crystals were directly observed by AFM over the narrow temperature range utilized. Finally, lattice resolution images of the molecular structure of surface layers were recorded. The implications of the strong temperature dependence of tRNAPhe crystal growth are discussed in view of improving and better controlling crystallization of nucleic acids.
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