Nucleic Acids Research, Vol 25, Issue 16 3290-3296, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press
MK Bijsterbosch, M Manoharan, ET Rump, RL De Vrueh, R van Veghel, KL Tivel, EA Biessen, CF Bennett, PD Cook and TJ van Berkel
Systemically administered phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides
can specifically affect the expression of their target genes, which affords
an exciting new strategy for therapeutic intervention. Earlier studies
point to a major role of the liver in the disposition of these
oligonucleotides. The aim of the present study was to identify the cell
type(s) responsible for the liver uptake of phosphorothioate
oligodeoxynucleotides and to examine the mechanisms involved. In our study
we used ISIS-3082, a phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide
specific for murine ICAM-1. Intravenously injected [3H]ISIS-3082 (dose: 1
mg/kg) was cleared from the circulation of rats with a half-life of
23.3+/-3.8 min. At 90 min after injection (>90% of [3H]ISIS-3082
cleared), the liver contained the most radioactivity, whereas the
second-highest amount was recovered in the kidneys (40.5+/- 1.4% and
17.9+/-1.3% of the dose, respectively). Of the remaining tissues, only
spleen and bone marrow actively accumulated [3H]ISIS- 3082. By injecting
different doses of [3H]ISIS-3082, it was found that uptake by liver,
spleen, bone marrow, and kidneys is saturable, which points to a
receptor-mediated process. Subcellular fractionation of the liver indicates
that ISIS-3082 is internalized and delivered to the lysosomes. Liver uptake
occurs mainly (for 56.1+/-3.0%) by endothelial cells, whereas parenchymal
and Kupffer cells account for 39.6+/-4.5 and 4.3+/-1.7% of the total liver
uptake, respectively. Preinjection of polyinosinic acid substantially
reduced uptake by liver and bone marrow, whereas polyadenylic acid was
ineffective, which indicates that in these tissues scavenger receptors are
involved in uptake. Polyadenylic acid, but not polyinosinic acid, reduced
uptake by kidneys, which suggests renal uptake by scavenger receptors
different from those in the liver. We conclude that scavenger receptors on
rat liver endothelial cells play a predominant role in the plasma clearance
of ISIS-3082. As scavenger receptors are also expressed on human
endothelial liver cells, our findings are probably highly relevant for the
therapeutic application of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides in
humans. If the target gene is not localized in endothelial liver cells, the
therapeutic effectiveness might be improved by developing delivery
strategies that redirect the oligonucleotides to the actual target cells.
ARTICLES
In vivo fate of phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: predominant uptake by scavenger receptors on endothelial liver cells
Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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