Nucleic Acids Research, Vol 26, Issue 9 2230-2236, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
A Reinhardt and T Hubbard
Neural networks have been trained to predict the subcellular location of
proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells from their amino acid
composition. For three possible subcellular locations in prokaryotic
organisms a prediction accuracy of 81% can be achieved. Assigning a
reliability index, 33% of the predictions can be made with an accuracy of
91%. For eukaryotic proteins (excluding plant sequences) an overall
prediction accuracy of 66% for four locations was achieved, with 33% of the
sequences being predicted with an accuracy of 82% or better. With the
subcellular location restricting a protein's possible function, this method
should be a useful tool for the systematic analysis of genome data and is
available via a server on the world wide web.
ARTICLES
Using neural networks for prediction of the subcellular location of proteins
The Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK. areinha@sanger.ac.uk
![]()
CiteULike
Connotea
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
S. Sharma, N. Kulk, M. F. Nold, R. Graf, S.-H. Kim, D. Reinhardt, C. A. Dinarello, and P. Bufler The IL-1 Family Member 7b Translocates to the Nucleus and Down-Regulates Proinflammatory Cytokines J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5477 - 5482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Behm-Ansmant, C. Branlant, and Y. Motorin The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pus2 protein encoded by YGL063w ORF is a mitochondrial tRNA:{Psi}27/28-synthase RNA, October 1, 2007; 13(10): 1641 - 1647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. Daher, G. Oria, S. Fauquenoy, K. Cailliau, E. Browaeys, S. Tomavo, and J. Khalife A Toxoplasma gondii Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Binds Phosphatase Type 1 Protein and Negatively Regulates Its Activity Eukaryot. Cell, September 1, 2007; 6(9): 1606 - 1617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Liu, S. Kang, C. Tang, L. B.M. Ellis, and T. Li Meta-prediction of protein subcellular localization with reduced voting Nucleic Acids Res., August 1, 2007; (2007) gkm562v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Perera, T. B. Green, S. M. Stevens Jr., S. White, and J. J. Becnel Proteins Associated with Culex nigripalpus Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occluded Virions J. Virol., May 1, 2007; 81(9): 4585 - 4590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Brameier, A. Krings, and R. M. MacCallum NucPred Predicting nuclear localization of proteins Bioinformatics, May 1, 2007; 23(9): 1159 - 1160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Junaid, M. C. Moon, G. E. J. Harding, and P. Zahradka Osteopontin localizes to the nucleus of 293 cells and associates with polo-like kinase-1 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): C919 - C926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Lee, D.-W. Kim, D. Na, K. H. Lee, and D. Lee PLPD: reliable protein localization prediction from imbalanced and overlapped datasets Nucleic Acids Res., October 18, 2006; 34(17): 4655 - 4666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Fang, Y. Nie, Q. Wang, F. Deng, R. Wang, H. Wang, H. Wang, J. M. Vlak, X. Chen, and Z. Hu Open reading frame 132 of Heliocoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a functional per os infectivity factor (PIF-2) J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 2006; 87(9): 2563 - 2569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Guo and Y. Lin TSSub: eukaryotic protein subcellular localization by extracting features from profiles Bioinformatics, July 15, 2006; 22(14): 1784 - 1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y.-C. Lin-Lee, L. V. Pham, A. T. Tamayo, L. Fu, H.-J. Zhou, L. C. Yoshimura, G. L. Decker, and R. J. Ford Nuclear Localization in the Biology of the CD40 Receptor in Normal and Neoplastic Human B Lymphocytes J. Biol. Chem., July 7, 2006; 281(27): 18878 - 18887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M.-J. Han and S. Y. Lee The Escherichia coli Proteome: Past, Present, and Future Prospects Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2006; 70(2): 362 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Hoglund, P. Donnes, T. Blum, H.-W. Adolph, and O. Kohlbacher MultiLoc: prediction of protein subcellular localization using N-terminal targeting sequences, sequence motifs and amino acid composition Bioinformatics, May 15, 2006; 22(10): 1158 - 1165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Kumar, R. Verma, and G. P. S. Raghava Prediction of Mitochondrial Proteins Using Support Vector Machine and Hidden Markov Model J. Biol. Chem., March 3, 2006; 281(9): 5357 - 5363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Popova, M. Kuhlmann, A. Hinas, F. Soderbom, and W. Nellen HelF, a putative RNA helicase acts as a nuclear suppressor of RNAi but not antisense mediated gene silencing Nucleic Acids Res., February 2, 2006; 34(3): 773 - 784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Kuhlmann, B. E. Borisova, M. Kaller, P. Larsson, D. Stach, J. Na, L. Eichinger, F. Lyko, V. Ambros, F. Soderbom, et al. Silencing of retrotransposons in Dictyostelium by DNA methylation and RNAi Nucleic Acids Res., November 10, 2005; 33(19): 6405 - 6417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Guda and S. Subramaniam TARGET: a new method for predicting protein subcellular localization in eukaryotes Bioinformatics, November 1, 2005; 21(21): 3963 - 3969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Xie, A. Li, M. Wang, Z. Fan, and H. Feng LOCSVMPSI: a web server for subcellular localization of eukaryotic proteins using SVM and profile of PSI-BLAST Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2005; 33(suppl_2): W105 - W110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Bhasin, A. Garg, and G. P. S. Raghava PSLpred: prediction of subcellular localization of bacterial proteins Bioinformatics, May 15, 2005; 21(10): 2522 - 2524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Boden and J. Hawkins Prediction of subcellular localization using sequence-biased recurrent networks Bioinformatics, May 15, 2005; 21(10): 2279 - 2286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Garg, M. Bhasin, and G. P. S. Raghava Support Vector Machine-based Method for Subcellular Localization of Human Proteins Using Amino Acid Compositions, Their Order, and Similarity Search J. Biol. Chem., April 15, 2005; 280(15): 14427 - 14432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K.-C. Chou and Y.-D. Cai Predicting protein localization in budding Yeast Bioinformatics, April 1, 2005; 21(7): 944 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Behm-Ansmant, H. Grosjean, S. Massenet, Y. Motorin, and C. Branlant Pseudouridylation at Position 32 of Mitochondrial and Cytoplasmic tRNAs Requires Two Distinct Enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem., December 17, 2004; 279(51): 52998 - 53006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. S. Scott, D. Y. Thomas, and M. T. Hallett Predicting Subcellular Localization via Protein Motif Co-Occurrence Genome Res., October 1, 2004; 14(10a): 1957 - 1966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Bhasin and G. P. S. Raghava ESLpred: SVM-based method for subcellular localization of eukaryotic proteins using dipeptide composition and PSI-BLAST Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2004; 32(suppl_2): W414 - W419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Nair and B. Rost LOCnet and LOCtarget: sub-cellular localization for structural genomics targets Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2004; 32(suppl_2): W517 - W521. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Bhasin and G. P. S. Raghava Classification of Nuclear Receptors Based on Amino Acid Composition and Dipeptide Composition J. Biol. Chem., May 28, 2004; 279(22): 23262 - 23266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. E. Flaherty and C. P. Woloshuk Regulation of Fumonisin Biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides by a Zinc Binuclear Cluster-Type Gene, ZFR1 Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2004; 70(5): 2653 - 2659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. D. Bendtsen, L. J. Jensen, N. Blom, G. von Heijne, and S. Brunak Feature-based prediction of non-classical and leaderless protein secretion Protein Eng. Des. Sel., April 1, 2004; 17(4): 349 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Torrado, E. Lopez, A. Centeno, A. Castro-Beiras, and A. T. Mikhailov Left-right asymmetric ventricular expression of CARP in the piglet heart: regional response to experimental heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2004; 6(2): 161 - 172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Ichihara, H. Daiyasu, and H. Toh How does a topological inversion change the evolutionary constraints on membrane proteins? Protein Eng. Des. Sel., March 1, 2004; 17(3): 235 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Schmidt, F. Gerlach, A. Avivi, T. Laufs, S. Wystub, J. C. Simpson, E. Nevo, S. Saaler-Reinhardt, S. Reuss, T. Hankeln, et al. Cytoglobin Is a Respiratory Protein in Connective Tissue and Neurons, Which Is Up-regulated by Hypoxia J. Biol. Chem., February 27, 2004; 279(9): 8063 - 8069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Fisher, R. Siman-Tov, and S. Ankri Characterization of cytosine methylated regions and 5-cytosine DNA methyltransferase (Ehmeth) in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica Nucleic Acids Res., January 9, 2004; 32(1): 287 - 297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Guo, S. Hua, X. Ji, and Z. Sun DBSubLoc: database of protein subcellular localization Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2004; 32(90001): D122 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. E. Flaherty, A. M. Pirttila, B. H. Bluhm, and C. P. Woloshuk PAC1, a pH-Regulatory Gene from Fusarium verticillioides Appl. Envir. Microbiol., September 1, 2003; 69(9): 5222 - 5227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Gardy, C. Spencer, K. Wang, M. Ester, G. E. Tusnady, I. Simon, S. Hua, K. deFays, C. Lambert, K. Nakai, et al. PSORT-B: improving protein subcellular localization prediction for Gram-negative bacteria Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2003; 31(13): 3613 - 3617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Yamada, K. Kawano, M. Koga, S. Takamori, M. Nakagawa, and K. Itoh Gene and Peptide Analyses of Newly Defined Lung Cancer Antigens Recognized by HLA-A2402-restricted Tumor-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Cancer Res., June 1, 2003; 63(11): 2829 - 2835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Long, X. Chen, D. Peters, J. M. Vlak, and Z. Hu Open reading frame 122 of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a novel structural protein of occlusion-derived virions J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2003; 84(1): 115 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Mladek, K. Guger, and M.-T. Hauser Identification and Characterization of the ARIADNE Gene Family in Arabidopsis. A Group of Putative E3 Ligases Plant Physiology, January 1, 2003; 131(1): 27 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Chiu, L. Novikov, S. Mukherjee, and D. Shields A caspase cleavage fragment of p115 induces fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and apoptosis J. Cell Biol., November 25, 2002; 159(4): 637 - 648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K.-C. Chou and Y.-D. Cai Using Functional Domain Composition and Support Vector Machines for Prediction of Protein Subcellular Location J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 2002; 277(48): 45765 - 45769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. F. J. IJkel, E. C. Roode, R. W. Goldbach, J. M. Vlak, and D. Zuidema Characterization of Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF17/18, a homologue of Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus ORF129 J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2002; 83(11): 2857 - 2867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Nurnberger, R. L. Bacallao, and C. L. Phillips Inversin Forms a Complex with Catenins and N-Cadherin in Polarized Epithelial Cells Mol. Biol. Cell, September 1, 2002; 13(9): 3096 - 3106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Mott, J. Schultz, P. Bork, and C. P. Ponting Predicting Protein Cellular Localization Using a Domain Projection Method Genome Res., August 1, 2002; 12(8): 1168 - 1174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Kostrouchova, D. Housa, Z. Kostrouch, V. Saudek, and J. E. Rall SKIP is an indispensable factor for Caenorhabditis elegans development PNAS, July 9, 2002; 99(14): 9254 - 9259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Li, D. Moshous, Y. Zhou, J. Wang, G. Xie, E. Salido, D. Hu, J.-P. de Villartay, and M. J. Cowan A Founder Mutation in Artemis, an SNM1-Like Protein, Causes SCID in Athabascan-Speaking Native Americans J. Immunol., June 15, 2002; 168(12): 6323 - 6329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Offterdinger, C. Schofer, K. Weipoltshammer, and T. W. Grunt c-erbB-3: a nuclear protein in mammary epithelial cells J. Cell Biol., June 10, 2002; 157(6): 929 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C.-L. Wu, S. D. Kirley, H. Xiao, Y. Chuang, D. C. Chung, and L. R. Zukerberg Cables Enhances Cdk2 Tyrosine 15 Phosphorylation by Wee1, Inhibits Cell Growth, and Is Lost in Many Human Colon and Squamous Cancers Cancer Res., October 1, 2001; 61(19): 7325 - 7332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Tsuchimoto, Y. Sakai, K. Sakumi, K. Nishioka, M. Sasaki, T. Fujiwara, and Y. Nakabeppu Human APE2 protein is mostly localized in the nuclei and to some extent in the mitochondria, while nuclear APE2 is partly associated with proliferating cell nuclear antigen Nucleic Acids Res., June 1, 2001; 29(11): 2349 - 2360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K.-C. Chou Using subsite coupling to predict signal peptides Protein Eng. Des. Sel., February 1, 2001; 14(2): 75 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. G. I. Khoo and F. Y. T. Sin Molecular cloning and characterisation of a novel membrane receptor gene from the lobster Jasus edwardsii J. Exp. Biol., January 10, 2001; 204(19): 3369 - 3377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. L. Walker, D. Wang, Y. Jin, U. Rath, Y. Wang, J. Johansen, and K. M. Johansen Skeletor, a Novel Chromosomal Protein That Redistributes during Mitosis Provides Evidence for the Formation of a Spindle Matrix J. Cell Biol., December 25, 2000; 151(7): 1401 - 1412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Klugbauer, A. Jauch, E. Lengfelder, E. Demidchik, and H. M. Rabes A Novel Type of RET Rearrangement (PTC8) in Childhood Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas and Characterization of the Involved Gene (RFG8) Cancer Res., December 1, 2000; 60(24): 7028 - 7032. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
I. Ansmant, S. Massenet, H. Grosjean, Y. Motorin, and C. Branlant Identification of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA:pseudouridine synthase responsible for formation of {Psi}2819 in 21S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA Nucleic Acids Res., May 1, 2000; 28(9): 1941 - 1946. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K.-C. Chou and D. W. Elrod Protein subcellular location prediction Protein Eng. Des. Sel., February 1, 1999; 12(2): 107 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Stone, M Murone, S Luoh, W Ye, M. Armanini, A Gurney, H Phillips, J Brush, A Goddard, F. de Sauvage, et al. Characterization of the human suppressor of fused, a negative regulator of the zinc-finger transcription factor Gli J. Cell Sci., January 12, 1999; 112(23): 4437 - 4448. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Nielsen, S. Brunak, and G. von Heijne Machine learning approaches for the prediction of signal peptides and other protein sorting signals Protein Eng. Des. Sel., January 1, 1999; 12(1): 3 - 9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Haruta, A. Kato, and K. Todokoro Isolation of a Novel Interleukin-1-inducible Nuclear Protein Bearing Ankyrin-repeat Motifs J. Biol. Chem., April 13, 2001; 276(16): 12485 - 12488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Vivo, R. A. Calogero, F. Sansone, V. Calabro, T. Parisi, L. Borrelli, S. Saviozzi, and G. La Mantia The Human Tumor Suppressor ARF Interacts with Spinophilin/Neurabin II, a Type 1 Protein-phosphatase-binding Protein J. Biol. Chem., April 20, 2001; 276(17): 14161 - 14169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. Kawada, D. B. Kristensen, K. Asahina, K. Nakatani, Y. Minamiyama, S. Seki, and K. Yoshizato Characterization of a Stellate Cell Activation-associated Protein (STAP) with Peroxidase Activity Found in Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells J. Biol. Chem., June 29, 2001; 276(27): 25318 - 25323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Ansmant, Y. Motorin, S. Massenet, H. Grosjean, and C. Branlant Identification and Characterization of the tRNA:Psi 31-Synthase (Pus6p) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem., September 7, 2001; 276(37): 34934 - 34940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||




















