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Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, Vol. 29, No. 1 246-254
© 2001 Oxford University Press

ARED: human AU-rich element-containing mRNA database reveals an unexpectedly diverse functional repertoire of encoded proteins

Tala Bakheet, Mathias Frevel1, Bryan R. G. Williams1, William Greer and Khalid S. A. Khabar1,2,*

Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing (Bioinformatics Section) and 1Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia and 2Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA

The adenylate uridylate-rich elements (AREs) mediate the rapid turnover of mRNAs encoding proteins that regulate cellular growth and body response to exogenous agents such as microbes, inflammatory and environmental stimuli. However, the full repertoire of ARE-containing mRNAs is unknown. Here, we explore the distribution of AREs in human mRNA sequences. Computational derivation of a 13-bp ARE pattern was performed using multiple expectation maximization for motif elicitations (MEME) and consensus analyses. This pattern was statistically validated for the specificity towards the 3'-untranslated region and not coding region. The computationally derived ARE pattern is the basis of a database which contains non-redundant full-length ARE-mRNAs. The ARE-mRNA database (ARED; http://rc.kfshrc.edu.sa/ared) reveals that ARE-mRNAs encode a wide repertoire of functionally diverse proteins that belong to different biological processes and are important in several disease states. Cluster analysis was performed using the ARE sequences to demonstrate potential relationships between the type and number of ARE motifs, and the functional characteristics of the proteins.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Head, Interferon and Cytokine Research Unit (MBC-03), Senior Scientist, Department of Biological and Medical Research, PO Box 3354, MBC-03, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia. Tel: +966 1 442 7876; Fax: +966 1 442 7858; Email: khabar{at}kfshrc.edu.sa


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Characterization of the Interaction between Neuronal RNA-binding Protein HuD and AU-rich RNA
J. Biol. Chem., October 10, 2003; 278(41): 39801 - 39808.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
B. Sarkar, Q. Xi, C. He, and R. J. Schneider
Selective Degradation of AU-Rich mRNAs Promoted by the p37 AUF1 Protein Isoform
Mol. Cell. Biol., September 15, 2003; 23(18): 6685 - 6693.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Genome ResHome page
E. Yang, E. van Nimwegen, M. Zavolan, N. Rajewsky, M. Schroeder, M. Magnasco, and J. E. Darnell Jr
Decay Rates of Human mRNAs: Correlation With Functional Characteristics and Sequence Attributes
Genome Res., August 1, 2003; 13(8): 1863 - 1872.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
L. B. Nabors, E. Suswam, Y. Huang, X. Yang, M. J. Johnson, and P. H. King
Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} Induces Angiogenic Factor Up-Regulation in Malignant Glioma Cells: A Role for RNA Stabilization and HuR
Cancer Res., July 15, 2003; 63(14): 4181 - 4187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
W. S. Lai, E. A. Kennington, and P. J. Blackshear
Tristetraprolin and Its Family Members Can Promote the Cell-Free Deadenylation of AU-Rich Element-Containing mRNAs by Poly(A) Ribonuclease
Mol. Cell. Biol., June 1, 2003; 23(11): 3798 - 3812.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. J. Blackshear, W. S. Lai, E. A. Kennington, G. Brewer, G. M. Wilson, X. Guan, and P. Zhou
Characteristics of the Interaction of a Synthetic Human Tristetraprolin Tandem Zinc Finger Peptide with AU-rich Element-containing RNA Substrates
J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2003; 278(22): 19947 - 19955.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. S. A. Khabar, Y. M. Siddiqui, F. Al-Zoghaibi, L. Al-Haj, M. Dhalla, A. Zhou, B. Dong, M. Whitmore, J. Paranjape, M. N. Al-Ahdal, et al.
RNase L Mediates Transient Control of the Interferon Response through Modulation of the Double-stranded RNA-dependent Protein Kinase PKR
J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2003; 278(22): 20124 - 20132.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Yu, S. Stasinopoulos, P. Leedman, and R. L. Medcalf
Inherent Instability of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 2 mRNA Is Regulated by Tristetraprolin
J. Biol. Chem., April 11, 2003; 278(16): 13912 - 13918.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Tebo, S. Der, M. Frevel, K. S. A. Khabar, B. R. G. Williams, and T. A. Hamilton
Heterogeneity in Control of mRNA Stability by AU-rich Elements
J. Biol. Chem., March 28, 2003; 278(14): 12085 - 12093.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
M. A. E. Frevel, T. Bakheet, A. M. Silva, J. G. Hissong, K. S. A. Khabar, and B. R. G. Williams
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent and -Independent Signaling of mRNA Stability of AU-Rich Element-Containing Transcripts
Mol. Cell. Biol., January 15, 2003; 23(2): 425 - 436.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Nucleic Acids ResHome page
T. Bakheet, B. R. G. Williams, and K. S. A. Khabar
ARED 2.0: an update of AU-rich element mRNA database
Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2003; 31(1): 421 - 423.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Nucleic Acids ResHome page
A. Raghavan, R. L. Ogilvie, C. Reilly, M. L. Abelson, S. Raghavan, J. Vasdewani, M. Krathwohl, and P. R. Bohjanen
Genome-wide analysis of mRNA decay in resting and activated primary human T lymphocytes
Nucleic Acids Res., December 15, 2002; 30(24): 5529 - 5538.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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DiabetesHome page
E. Marion, P. J. Kaisaki, V. Pouillon, C. Gueydan, J. C. Levy, A. Bodson, G. Krzentowski, J.-C. Daubresse, J. Mockel, J. Behrends, et al.
The Gene INPPL1, Encoding the Lipid Phosphatase SHIP2, Is a Candidate for Type 2 Diabetes In Rat and Man
Diabetes, July 1, 2002; 51(7): 2012 - 2017.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Genome ResHome page
K. S.A. Khabar, M. Dhalla, T. Bakheet, C. Sy, and L. al-Haj
An Integrated Computational and Laboratory Approach for Selective Amplification of mRNAs Containing the Adenylate Uridylate-Rich Element Consensus Sequence
Genome Res., June 1, 2002; 12(6): 985 - 995.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
A. Gouble, S. Grazide, F. Meggetto, P. Mercier, G. Delsol, and D. Morello
A New Player in Oncogenesis: AUF1/hnRNPD Overexpression Leads to Tumorigenesis in Transgenic Mice
Cancer Res., March 1, 2002; 62(5): 1489 - 1495.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Nucleic Acids ResHome page
G. H. Jacobs, O. Rackham, P. A. Stockwell, W. Tate, and C. M. Brown
Transterm: a database of mRNAs and translational control elements
Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2002; 30(1): 310 - 311.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A.-K. Rundlof, M. Carlsten, and E. S. J. Arner
The Core Promoter of Human Thioredoxin Reductase 1. CLONING, TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY, AND Oct-1, Sp1, AND Sp3 BINDING REVEAL A HOUSEKEEPING-TYPE PROMOTER FOR THE AU-RICH ELEMENT-REGULATED GENE
J. Biol. Chem., August 3, 2001; 276(32): 30542 - 30551.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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DiabetesHome page
E. Marion, P. J. Kaisaki, V. Pouillon, C. Gueydan, J. C. Levy, A. Bodson, G. Krzentowski, J.-C. Daubresse, J. Mockel, J. Behrends, et al.
The Gene INPPL1, Encoding the Lipid Phosphatase SHIP2, Is a Candidate for Type 2 Diabetes In Rat and Man
Diabetes, July 1, 2002; 51(7): 2012 - 2017.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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