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Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 2 716-721
© 2003 Oxford University Press

The complete nucleotide sequence of the hornwort (Anthoceros formosae) chloroplast genome: insight into the earliest land plants

Masanori Kugita, Akira Kaneko, Yuhei Yamamoto, Yuko Takeya, Tohoru Matsumoto and Koichi Yoshinaga*,1

Graduate School of Science and Engineering and 1 Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Oya 836, 422-8529 Shizuoka, Japan

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel/Fax: +81 54 238 4929; Email: sckyosi{at}ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp

It is generally believed that bryophytes are the earliest land plants. However, the phylogenetic relationships among bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts and hornworts, are not clearly resolved. To obtain more information on the earliest land plants, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from the hornwort Anthoceros formosae. The circular double-stranded DNA of 161 162 bp is the largest genome ever reported among land plant chloroplasts. It contains 76 protein, 32 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes and 10 open reading frames (ORFs), which are identical with the chloroplast genome of the other green plants analyzed. The major difference is a larger inverted repeat than that of the liverwort Marchantia, Anthoceros contains an excess of ndhB and rps7 genes and the 3' exon of rps12. The genes matK and rps15, commonly found in the chloroplast genomes of land plants, are pseudogenes. The intron of rrn23 is the first finding in the known chloroplast genomes of land plants. A striking feature of the hornwort chloroplast is that more than half of the protein-coding genes have nonsense codons, which are converted into sense codons by RNA editing. Maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis, based on 11 518 amino acid sites of 52 proteins encoded in the chloroplast genomes of the green plants, placed liverworts as the sister to all other land plants.


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