Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 4 1156-1163
© 2003 Oxford University Press
Structural transition from antiparallel to parallel G-quadruplex of d(G4T4G4) induced by Ca2+
1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering and 2 High Technology Research Center, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
*To whom correspondence should be addressed at Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan. Tel: +81 78 435 2497; Fax: +81 78 435 2539; Email: sugimoto{at}konan-u.ac.jp
Guanine quadruplex (G-quadruplex) structures are formed by guanine-rich oligonucleotides. Because of their in vivo and in vitro importance, numerous studies have been demonstrated that the structure and stability of the G-quadruplex are dependent on the sequence of oligonucleotide and environmental conditions such as existing cations. Previously, we quantitatively investigated the divalent cation effects on the antiparallel G-quadruplex of d(G4T4G4), and found that Ca2+ induces a structural transition from the antiparallel to parallel G-quadruplex, and finally G-wire formation. In the present study, we report in detail the kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of the structural transition induced by Ca2+ using stopped-flow apparatus, circular dichroism, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and atomic force microscopy. The quantitative parameters showed that at least two Ca2+ ions were required for the transition. The kinetic parameters also indicated that d(G4T4G4) underwent the transition through multiple steps involving the Ca2+ binding, isomerization and oligomerization of d(G4T4G4). The parallel-stranded G-wire structure of d(G4T4G4), which is a well controlled alignment of numerous DNA strands with G-quartets, as the final product induced by Ca2+, was observed using SEC and atomic force microscopy. These results provide insight into the mechanism of the structural transition and G-wire formation and are useful for constructing a nanomaterial regulated by Ca2+.
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