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Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 4 1224-1233
© 2003 Oxford University Press

Rap1p and other transcriptional regulators can function in defining distinct domains of gene expression

Qun Yu, Runxiang Qiu, Travis B. Foland, Dan Griesen, Carl S. Galloway, Ya-Hui Chiu, Joseph Sandmeier, James R. Broach1 and Xin Bi*

Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA and 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 402 472 9652; Fax: +1 402 472 7842; Email: xbi{at}unlserve.unl.edu

Barrier elements that are able to block the propagation of transcriptional silencing in yeast are functionally similar to chromatin boundary/insulator elements in metazoans that delimit functional chromosomal domains. We show that the upstream activating sequences of many highly expressed ribosome protein genes and glycolytic genes exhibit barrier activity. Analyses of these barriers indicate that binding sites for transcriptional regulators Rap1p, Abf1p, Reb1p, Adr1p and Gcn4p may participate in barrier function. We also present evidence suggesting that Rap1p is directly involved in barrier activity, and its barrier function correlates with local changes in chromatin structure. We further demonstrate that tethering the transcriptional activation domain of Rap1p to DNA is sufficient to recapitulate barrier activity. Moreover, targeting the activation domain of Adr1p or Gcn4p also establishes a barrier to silencing. These results support the notion that transcriptional regulators could also participate in delimiting functional domains in the genome.


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