Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 7 1974-1983
© 2003 Oxford University Press
Conserved sequence elements associated with exon skipping
1 Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences and 2 Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +972 2 658 6034; Fax: +972 2 658 6975; Email: elanam{at}gene.md.huji.ac.il
One of the major forms of alternative splicing, which generates multiple mRNA isoforms differing in the precise combinations of their exon sequences, is exon skipping. While in constitutive splicing all exons are included, in the skipped pattern(s) one or more exons are skipped. The regulation of this process is still not well understood; so far, cis- regulatory elements (such as exonic splicing enhancers) were identified in individual cases. We therefore set to investigate the possibility that exon skipping is controlled by sequences in the adjacent introns. We employed a computer analysis on 54 sequences documented as undergoing exon skipping, and identified two motifs both in the upstream and downstream introns of the skipped exons. One motif is highly enriched in pyrimidines (mostly C residues), and the other motif is highly enriched in purines (mostly G residues). The two motifs differ from the known cis-elements present at the 5' and 3' splice site. Interestingly, the two motifs are complementary, and their relative positional order is conserved in the flanking introns. These suggest that base pairing interactions can underlie a mechanism that involves secondary structure to regulate exon skipping. Remarkably, the two motifs are conserved in mouse orthologous genes that undergo exon skipping.
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