Published online 6 July 2004
Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 32 No. 12 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved
Increasing the efficiency of SAGE adaptor ligation bydirected ligation chemistry
1 Biotechnology Laboratory and 2 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z3
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Received February 11, 2004; Revised April 8, 2004; Accepted May 17, 2004
The ability of Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) to provide a quantitative picture of global gene expression relies not only on the depth and accuracy of sequencing into the SAGE library, but also on the efficiency of each step required to generate the SAGE library from the starting mRNA material. The first critical step is the ligation of adaptors containing a Type IIS recognition sequence to the anchored 3' end cDNA population that permits the release of short sequence tags (SSTs) from defined sites within the 3' end of each transcript. Using an in vitro transcript as a template, we observed that only a small fraction of anchored 3' end cDNA are successfully ligated with added SAGE adaptors under typical reaction conditions currently used in the SAGE protocol. Although the introduction of 
500-fold molar excess of adaptor or the inclusion of 15% (w/v) PEG-8000 increased the yield of the adaptor-modified product, complete conversion to the desired adaptor:cDNA hetero-ligation product is not achieved. An alternative method of ligation, termed as directed ligation, is described which exploits a favourable mass-action condition created by the presence of NlaIII during ligation in combination with a novel SAGE adaptor containing a methylated base within the ligation site. Using this strategy, we were able to achieve near complete conversion of the anchored 3' end cDNA into the desired adaptor-modified product. This new protocol therefore greatly increases the probability that a SST will be generated from every transcript, greatly enhancing the fidelity of SAGE. Directed ligation also provides a powerful means to achieve near-complete ligation of any appropriately designed adaptor to its respective target.