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Published online 23 February 2004

Nucleic Acids Research, 2004, Vol. 32, No. 4 1270-1278
© 2004 Oxford University Press

HIV-1 Tat directly binds to NF{kappa}B enhancer sequence: role in viral and cellular gene expression

Dineshkumar H. Dandekar1,2, Krishna N. Ganesh1 and Debashis Mitra*,2

1 Division of Organic Chemistry (Synthesis), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India and 2 National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007, India

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +91 20 25690922/31; Fax: +91 20 25692259; Email: dmitra{at}nccs.res.in

HIV-1 Tat protein reprograms cellular gene expression of infected as well as uninfected cells apart from its primary function of transactivating HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter by binding to a nascent RNA stem–loop structure known as the transactivator response region (TAR). Tat also induces chromatin remodeling of proviral LTR-mediated gene expression by recruiting histone acetyl transferases to the chromatin, which results in histone acetylation. Furthermore several studies have shown convincing evidence that Tat can transactivate HIV-1 gene expression in the absence of TAR, the molecular mechanism of which remains to be elucidated. Here we show a direct interaction of Tat with nuclear factor kappa B (NF{kappa}B) enhancer, a global regulatory sequence for many cellular genes both in vitro and in vivo. This interaction not only provides a novel molecular basis to explain TAR-independent transactivation in HIV-1, but also points toward the potential mechanism of Tat- mediated modulation of cellular genes.


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