Published online 16 April 2004
Nucleic Acids Research, 2004, Vol. 32, No. 7 e62
© 2004 Oxford University Press
Use of pteridine nucleoside analogs as hybridization probes
Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10/13C116, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 301 496 1756; Fax: +1 301 480 1586; Email: mh100x{at}nih.gov
Received November 26, 2003; Revised February 6, 2004; Accepted March 23, 2004
The pteridine nucleoside analog 3-methyl isoxanthopterin (3-MI) is highly fluorescent, with a quantum yield of 0.88, and it can be synthesized as a phosphoramidite and incorporated into oligonucleotides through a deoxyribose linkage. Within an oligonucleotide, 3-MI is intimately associated with native bases and its fluorescence is variably quenched in a sequence-dependent manner. Bend ing, annealing, binding, digestion or cleavage of fluorophore-containing oligonucleotides can be detected by monitoring changes in fluorescence properties. We developed a single step method for detecting annealing of complementary DNA sequences using 3-MI-containing oligonucleotides as hybridization probes. One of the complementary strands contains the fluorophore as an insertion and when annealing occurs, the fluorophore bulges out from the double strand, resulting in increased fluorescence intensity. We have examined the sequence dependency, optimal strand length and impact of multiple fluorophores per strand in terms of brightness and impact on the annealing process. We describe the application of this technique to the detection of positive PCR products using an HIV-1 detection system. This sequence-dependent hybridization technique can result in fluorescence intensity increases of up to 27-fold. Fluorescence intensity increases are only seen upon specific binding to bulge-generating complements, removing issues of high background from non-specific binding.