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Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34(6):e51; doi:10.1093/nar/gkl135
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Published online 5 April 2006

© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved
The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Methods Online

A novel magnetic resonance-based method to measure gene expression in living cells

Sewon Ki1, Fuminori Sugihara1, Koji Kasahara1, Hidehito Tochio1, Azusa Okada-Marubayashi1, Setsuko Tomita1, Masahito Morita1, Mitsunori Ikeguchi1, Masahiro Shirakawa2,3,* and Tetsuro Kokubo1,3,*

1 International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University Yokohama 230-0045, Japan 2 Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510, Japan 3 CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Saitama 332-0012, Japan

*To whom correspondence should be addressed at Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science of Supramolecular Biology, International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. Tel: +81 045 508 7237; Fax: +81 045 508 7369; Email: kokubo{at}tsurumi.yokohama-cu.ac.jp

*Correspondence may also be addressed to M. Shirakawa. Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan. Tel: +81 075 383 2535; Fax: +81 075 383 2541; Email: shirakawa{at}moleng.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Received January 3, 2006. Revised March 14, 2006. Accepted March 14, 2006.

In unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, elaborate gene regulatory mechanisms facilitate a broad range of biological processes from cell division to morphological differentiation. In order to fully understand the gene regulatory networks involved in these biological processes, the spatial and temporal patterns of expression of many thousands of genes will need to be determined in real time in living organisms. Currently available techniques are not sufficient to achieve this goal; however, novel methods based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be particularly useful for sensitive detection of gene expression in opaque tissues. This report describes a novel reporter gene system that monitors gene expression dynamically and quantitatively, in yeast cells, by measuring the accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) using MR spectroscopy (MRS) or MR spectroscopic imaging (MRI). Because this system is completely non-invasive and does not require exogenous substrates, it is a powerful tool for studying gene expression in multicellular organisms, as well.


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