Article |
GenBank
National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Building 38A, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 301 496 2475; Fax: +1 301 480 9241; Email: wheeler{at}ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Received September 15, 2005. Revised October 31, 2005. Accepted October 31, 2005.
GenBank (R) is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available DNA sequences for more than 205 000 named organisms, obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects. Most submissions are made using the Web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs and accession numbers are assigned by GenBank staff upon receipt. Daily data exchange with the EMBL Data Library in Europe and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through NCBI's retrieval system, Entrez, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, go to the NCBI Homepage at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
![]()
CiteULike
Connotea
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
J. R. Shak, J. J. Dick, R. J. Meinersmann, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser Repeat-Associated Plasticity in the Helicobacter pylori RD Gene Family J. Bacteriol., November 15, 2009; 191(22): 6900 - 6910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. A. Kronmiller and R. P. Wise Computational Finishing of Large Sequence Contigs Reveals Interspersed Nested Repeats and Gene Islands in the rf1-Associated Region of Maize Plant Physiology, October 1, 2009; 151(2): 483 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Teufel, J. W. Kung, D. Kockelkorn, B. E. Alber, and G. Fuchs 3-Hydroxypropionyl-Coenzyme A Dehydratase and Acryloyl-Coenzyme A Reductase, Enzymes of the Autotrophic 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Cycle in the Sulfolobales J. Bacteriol., July 15, 2009; 191(14): 4572 - 4581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. H. Gregersen, C. Neubauer, H. Christensen, A. M. Bojesen, M. Hess, and M. Bisgaard Comparative studies on [Pasteurella] testudinis and [P.] testudinis-like bacteria and proposal of Chelonobacter oris gen. nov., sp. nov. as a new member of the family Pasteurellaceae Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2009; 59(7): 1583 - 1588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. E. Robertson, J. R. Spear, J. K. Harris, and N. R. Pace Diversity and Stratification of Archaea in a Hypersaline Microbial Mat Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 1, 2009; 75(7): 1801 - 1810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Cheng, S. Hartmann, M. Gupta, J. G. Ibrahim, and T. J. Vision A hierarchical model for incomplete alignments in phylogenetic inference Bioinformatics, March 1, 2009; 25(5): 592 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. F. Pulliam, M. B. Fasken, L. M. McLane, J. V. Pulliam, and A. H. Corbett The Classical Nuclear Localization Signal Receptor, Importin-{alpha}, Is Required for Efficient Transition Through the G1/S Stage of the Cell Cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genetics, January 1, 2009; 181(1): 105 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. H. Porsby, K. F. Nielsen, and L. Gram Phaeobacter and Ruegeria Species of the Roseobacter Clade Colonize Separate Niches in a Danish Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)-Rearing Farm and Antagonize Vibrio anguillarum under Different Growth Conditions Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2008; 74(23): 7356 - 7364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Mazurie, D. Bonchev, B. Schwikowski, and G. A. Buck Phylogenetic distances are encoded in networks of interacting pathways Bioinformatics, November 15, 2008; 24(22): 2579 - 2585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Martynova-VanKley, A. Syvyk, I. Teplova, M. Hume, and A. Nalian Rapid Detection of Avian Eimeria Species Using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Poult. Sci., September 1, 2008; 87(9): 1707 - 1713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. J. Vitalone, P. J. O'Connell, E. Jimenez-Vera, A. Yuksel, M. Wavamunno, C. L.-S. Fung, J. R. Chapman, and B. J. Nankivell Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Early Transplant Tubulointerstitial Damage J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2008; 19(8): 1571 - 1583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Huber, M. Gallenberger, U. Jahn, E. Eylert, I. A. Berg, D. Kockelkorn, W. Eisenreich, and G. Fuchs A dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon assimilation cycle in the hyperthermophilic Archaeum Ignicoccus hospitalis PNAS, June 3, 2008; 105(22): 7851 - 7856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Z. de Pina, H. Vazquez-Meza, J. P. Pardo, J. L. Rendon, R. Villalobos-Molina, H. Riveros-Rosas, and E. Pina Signaling the Signal, Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase Inhibition by Insulin-formed H2O2 and Reactivation by Thioredoxin J. Biol. Chem., May 2, 2008; 283(18): 12373 - 12386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. E. Carvalho and C. E. Lawrence Centroid estimation in discrete high-dimensional spaces with applications in biology PNAS, March 4, 2008; 105(9): 3209 - 3214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. P. Fournier and J. P. Gogarten Evolution of Acetoclastic Methanogenesis in Methanosarcina via Horizontal Gene Transfer from Cellulolytic Clostridia J. Bacteriol., February 1, 2008; 190(3): 1124 - 1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Davila Lopez and T. Samuelsson Early evolution of histone mRNA 3' end processing RNA, January 1, 2008; 14(1): 1 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. A. Kronmiller and R. P. Wise TEnest: Automated Chronological Annotation and Visualization of Nested Plant Transposable Elements Plant Physiology, January 1, 2008; 146(1): 45 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. M. van der Kaaij, S. Janecek, M. J. E. C. van der Maarel, and L. Dijkhuizen Phylogenetic and biochemical characterization of a novel cluster of intracellular fungal {alpha}-amylase enzymes Microbiology, December 1, 2007; 153(12): 4003 - 4015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Lee, C. Shah, and E. Y. Xu Gene trap mutagenesis: a functional genomics approach towards reproductive research Mol. Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2007; 13(11): 771 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Rojas-Cartagena, P. Ortiz-Pineda, F. Ramirez-Gomez, E. C. Suarez-Castillo, V. Matos-Cruz, C. Rodriguez, H. Ortiz-Zuazaga, and J. E. Garcia-Arraras Distinct profiles of expressed sequence tags during intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima Physiol Genomics, October 19, 2007; 31(2): 203 - 215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. B. Ulyanov, K. Shefer, T. L. James, and Y. Tzfati Pseudoknot structures with conserved base triples in telomerase RNAs of ciliates Nucleic Acids Res., September 25, 2007; 35(18): 6150 - 6160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Brauer, C. Kindler, K. Jager, S. Sel, B. Nolle, U. Pleyer, M. Ochs, and F. P. Paulsen Detection of Surfactant Proteins A and D in Human Tear Fluid and the Human Lacrimal System Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2007; 48(9): 3945 - 3953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. J. Stern Characterizing MHC-Associated Peptides by Mass Spectrometry J. Immunol., September 1, 2007; 179(5): 2667 - 2668. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Bisgaard, J. P. Christensen, A. M. Bojesen, and H. Christensen Avibacterium endocarditidis sp. nov., isolated from valvular endocarditis in chickens Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2007; 57(8): 1729 - 1734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Klein, S. Tatzel, S. Raimundo, T. Saussele, E. Hustert, J. Pleiss, M. Eichelbaum, and U. M. Zanger A Natural Variant of the Heme-Binding Signature (R441C) Resulting in Complete Loss of Function of CYP2D6 Drug Metab. Dispos., August 1, 2007; 35(8): 1247 - 1250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. A. C. Mitchell, N. Castells-Brooke, J. Taubert, P. J. Verrier, D. J. Leader, and C. J. Rawlings Wheat Estimated Transcript Server (WhETS): a tool to provide best estimate of hexaploid wheat transcript sequence Nucleic Acids Res., July 13, 2007; 35(suppl_2): W148 - W151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. W. Huang, B. T. Sherman, Q. Tan, J. Kir, D. Liu, D. Bryant, Y. Guo, R. Stephens, M. W. Baseler, H. C. Lane, et al. DAVID Bioinformatics Resources: expanded annotation database and novel algorithms to better extract biology from large gene lists Nucleic Acids Res., July 13, 2007; 35(suppl_2): W169 - W175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Meyerguz, J. Kleinberg, and R. Elber From the Cover: The network of sequence flow between protein structures PNAS, July 10, 2007; 104(28): 11627 - 11632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Piccinelli and T. Samuelsson Evolution of the iron-responsive element RNA, July 1, 2007; 13(7): 952 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Lu, B. Bulka, M. desJardins, and S. J. Freeland Amino acid quantitative structure property relationship database: a web-based platform for quantitative investigations of amino acids Protein Eng. Des. Sel., July 1, 2007; 20(7): 347 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Moretti and J. S. Thorson Enhancing the Latent Nucleotide Triphosphate Flexibility of the Glucose-1-phosphate Thymidylyltransferase RmlA J. Biol. Chem., June 8, 2007; 282(23): 16942 - 16947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. L. Elnitski, P. Shah, R. T. Moreland, L. Umayam, T. G. Wolfsberg, and A. D. Baxevanis The ENCODEdb portal: Simplified access to ENCODE Consortium data Genome Res., June 1, 2007; 17(6): 954 - 959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Kononen, A. Bryk, P. Niemi, and A. Kanervo-Nordstrom Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and the Newly Described Peptostreptococcus stomatis Isolated from Various Human Sources Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., June 1, 2007; 51(6): 2205 - 2207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Torres, N. Fernandez-Fuentes, A. Fiser, and A. Casadevall The Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Constant Region Affects Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Antibody Variable Region Interactions with Antigen J. Biol. Chem., May 4, 2007; 282(18): 13917 - 13927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. G. Wallace, H. HoDac, R. H. Lathrop, and W. M. Fitch A statistical phylogeography of influenza A H5N1 PNAS, March 13, 2007; 104(11): 4473 - 4478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. H. Huson, A. F. Auch, J. Qi, and S. C. Schuster MEGAN analysis of metagenomic data Genome Res., March 1, 2007; 17(3): 377 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Garcia-Rudaz, F. Luna, V. Tapia, B. Kerr, L. Colgin, F. Galimi, G. A. Dissen, N. D. Rawlings, and S. R. Ojeda Fxna, a novel gene differentially expressed in the rat ovary at the time of folliculogenesis, is required for normal ovarian histogenesis Development, March 1, 2007; 134(5): 945 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Lange, R. E. Mills, C. J. Lange, M. Stewart, S. E. Devine, and A. H. Corbett Classical Nuclear Localization Signals: Definition, Function, and Interaction with Importin {alpha} J. Biol. Chem., February 23, 2007; 282(8): 5101 - 5105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Hebbeln, D. A. Rodionov, A. Alfandega, and T. Eitinger Biotin uptake in prokaryotes by solute transporters with an optional ATP-binding cassette-containing module PNAS, February 20, 2007; 104(8): 2909 - 2914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. J. Roberts, T. Vincze, J. Posfai, and D. Macelis REBASE--enzymes and genes for DNA restriction and modification Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D269 - D270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Choi, R. Munch, S. Leupold, J. Klein, I. Siegel, B. Thielen, B. Benkert, M. Kucklick, M. Schobert, J. Barthelmes, et al. SYSTOMONAS -- an integrated database for systems biology analysis of Pseudomonas Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D533 - D537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. L. Wheeler, T. Barrett, D. A. Benson, S. H. Bryant, K. Canese, V. Chetvernin, D. M. Church, M. DiCuccio, R. Edgar, S. Federhen, et al. Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D5 - D12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. E. Karro, Y. Yan, D. Zheng, Z. Zhang, N. Carriero, P. Cayting, P. Harrrison, and M. Gerstein Pseudogene.org: a comprehensive database and comparison platform for pseudogene annotation Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D55 - D60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. Kim, A. V. Alekseyenko, M. Roy, and C. Lee The ASAP II database: analysis and comparative genomics of alternative splicing in 15 animal species Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D93 - D98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Kulikova, R. Akhtar, P. Aldebert, N. Althorpe, M. Andersson, A. Baldwin, K. Bates, S. Bhattacharyya, L. Bower, P. Browne, et al. EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database in 2006 Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D16 - D20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. He, P. Du, and Y. Li dbRES: a web-oriented database for annotated RNA editing sites Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D141 - D144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Brugger The Sulfolobus database Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D413 - D415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Ruan, Y. Guo, H. Li, Y. Hu, F. Song, X. Huang, K. Kristiensen, L. Bolund, and J. Wang PigGIS: Pig Genomic Informatics System Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D654 - D657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. M. Kuhn, D. Karolchik, A. S. Zweig, H. Trumbower, D. J. Thomas, A. Thakkapallayil, C. W. Sugnet, M. Stanke, K. E. Smith, A. Siepel, et al. The UCSC genome browser database: update 2007 Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D668 - D673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. E. Snyder, N. Kampanya, J. Lu, E. K. Nordberg, H. R. Karur, M. Shukla, J. Soneja, Y. Tian, T. Xue, H. Yoo, et al. PATRIC: The VBI PathoSystems Resource Integration Center Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D401 - D406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. M. Smith, J. H. Finger, T. F. Hayamizu, I. J. McCright, J. T. Eppig, J. A. Kadin, J. E. Richardson, and M. Ringwald The mouse Gene Expression Database (GXD): 2007 update Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D618 - D623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Pachkov, I. Erb, N. Molina, and E. van Nimwegen SwissRegulon: a database of genome-wide annotations of regulatory sites Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D127 - D131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Christensen, P. Kuhnert, H.-J. Busse, W. C. Frederiksen, and M. Bisgaard Proposed minimal standards for the description of genera, species and subspecies of the Pasteurellaceae Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2007; 57(1): 166 - 178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Kidron, S. Repo, M. S. Johnson, and T. A. Salminen Functional Classification of Amino Acid Decarboxylases from the Alanine Racemase Structural Family by Phylogenetic Studies Mol. Biol. Evol., January 1, 2007; 24(1): 79 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. T. P. Kim, K. Yura, and N. Go Amino acid residue doublet propensity in the protein-RNA interface and its application to RNA interface prediction Nucleic Acids Res., December 5, 2006; (2006) gkl819v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. L. Jones, L. J. Glickstein, N. Damle, V. K. Sikand, G. McHugh, and A. C. Steere Borrelia burgdorferi Genetic Markers and Disseminated Disease in Patients with Early Lyme Disease J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2006; 44(12): 4407 - 4413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. E. Simmon, A. C. Croft, and C. A. Petti Application of SmartGene IDNS Software to Partial 16S rRNA Gene Sequences for a Diverse Group of Bacteria in a Clinical Laboratory J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2006; 44(12): 4400 - 4406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. E. Wolins, B. K. Quaynor, J. R. Skinner, A. Tzekov, M. A. Croce, M. C. Gropler, V. Varma, A. Yao-Borengasser, N. Rasouli, P. A. Kern, et al. OXPAT/PAT-1 Is a PPAR-Induced Lipid Droplet Protein That Promotes Fatty Acid Utilization Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(12): 3418 - 3428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Miyakoshi, M. J. Murphy, R. R. Yeoman, S. Mitra, C. J. Dubay, and J. D. Hennebold The Identification of Novel Ovarian Proteases Through the Use of Genomic and Bioinformatic Methodologies Biol Reprod, December 1, 2006; 75(6): 823 - 835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Bekaert, J. F Atkins, and P. V Baranov ARFA: a program for annotating bacterial release factor genes, including prediction of programmed ribosomal frameshifting Bioinformatics, October 15, 2006; 22(20): 2463 - 2465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. A. Rosenblad, M. D. Lopez, P. Piccinelli, and T. Samuelsson Inventory and analysis of the protein subunits of the ribonucleases P and MRP provides further evidence of homology between the yeast and human enzymes Nucleic Acids Res., October 6, 2006; 34(18): 5145 - 5156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Yang, D. A. Rodionov, X. Li, O. N. Laikova, M. S. Gelfand, O. P. Zagnitko, M. F. Romine, A. Y. Obraztsova, K. H. Nealson, and A. L. Osterman Comparative Genomics and Experimental Characterization of N-Acetylglucosamine Utilization Pathway of Shewanella oneidensis J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2006; 281(40): 29872 - 29885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Naito, K. Ui-Tei, T. Nishikawa, Y. Takebe, and K. Saigo siVirus: web-based antiviral siRNA design software for highly divergent viral sequences. Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2006; 34(Web Server issue): W448 - W450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Shepelev and A. Fedorov Advances in the Exon-Intron Database (EID) Brief Bioinform, June 1, 2006; 7(2): 178 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. C. Patel, J. D. Morton, E. Y. Kim, Y. Alevy, S. Swanson, J. Tucker, G. Huang, E. Agapov, T. E. Phillips, M. E. Fuentes, et al. Genetic segregation of airway disease traits despite redundancy of calcium-activated chloride channel family members Physiol Genomics, May 16, 2006; 25(3): 502 - 513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. A. Reeves, J. M. Thornton, and the BioSapiens Network of Excellence Integrating biological data through the genome Hum. Mol. Genet., April 15, 2006; 15(suppl_1): R81 - R87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Cochrane, P. Aldebert, N. Althorpe, M. Andersson, W. Baker, A. Baldwin, K. Bates, S. Bhattacharyya, P. Browne, A. van den Broek, et al. EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database: developments in 2005 Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2006; 34(suppl_1): D10 - D15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||



























