Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access originally published online on June 18, 2007
Nucleic Acids Research 2007 35(13):4250-4263; doi:10.1093/nar/gkm402
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Nucleic Acids Research, 2007, Vol. 35, No. 13 4250-4263
© 2007 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Genomics |
Aberrant 5' splice sites in human disease genes: mutation pattern, nucleotide structure and comparison of computational tools that predict their utilization
ová2
echovsk
2,*1International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy, 2University of Southampton School of Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK and 3Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 2380 796425; Fax: +44 2380 794264; Email: i.vorechovsky{at}soton.ac.uk
Received February 27, 2007. Revised May 2, 2007. Accepted May 2, 2007.
Despite a growing number of splicing mutations found in hereditary diseases, utilization of aberrant splice sites and their effects on gene expression remain challenging to predict. We compiled sequences of 346 aberrant 5'splice sites (5'ss) that were activated by mutations in 166 human disease genes. Mutations within the 5'ss consensus accounted for 254 cryptic 5'ss and mutations elsewhere activated 92 de novo 5'ss. Point mutations leading to cryptic 5'ss activation were most common in the first intron nucleotide, followed by the fifth nucleotide. Substitutions at position +5 were exclusively G>A transitions, which was largely attributable to high mutability rates of C/G>T/A. However, the frequency of point mutations at position +5 was significantly higher than that observed in the Human Gene Mutation Database, suggesting that alterations of this position are particularly prone to aberrant splicing, possibly due to a requirement for sequential interactions with U1 and U6 snRNAs. Cryptic 5'ss were best predicted by computational algorithms that accommodate nucleotide dependencies and not by weight-matrix models. Discrimination of intronic 5'ss from their authentic counterparts was less effective than for exonic sites, as the former were intrinsically stronger than the latter. Computational prediction of exonic de novo 5'ss was poor, suggesting that their activation critically depends on exonic splicing enhancers or silencers. The authentic counterparts of aberrant 5'ss were significantly weaker than the average human 5'ss. The development of an online database of aberrant 5'ss will be useful for studying basic mechanisms of splice-site selection, identifying splicing mutations and optimizing splice-site prediction algorithms.
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