Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access originally published online on July 24, 2008
Nucleic Acids Research 2008 36(15):4913-4928; doi:10.1093/nar/gkn475
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Nucleic Acids Research, 2008, Vol. 36, No. 15 4913-4928
© 2008 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Imaging and characterizing influenza A virus mRNA transport in living cells
1State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071 and 2Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 10 5888 1508; Fax: +86 10 5888 1559; Email: x.zhang{at}wh.iov.cn
Received April 4, 2008. Revised June 23, 2008. Accepted July 8, 2008.
The mechanisms of influenza A virus mRNA intracellular transport are still not clearly understood. Here, we visualized the distribution and transport of influenza A virus mRNA in living cells using molecular beacon (MB) technology. Confocal-FRAP measurements determined that the transport of influenza A virus intronless mRNA, in both nucleus and cytoplasm, was energy dependent, being similar to that of Poly(A)+ RNA. Drug inhibition studies in living cells revealed that the export of influenza A virus mRNA is independent of the CRM1 pathway, while the function of RNA polymerase II (RNAP-II) may be needed. In addition, viral NS1 protein and cellular TAP protein were found associated with influenza A virus mRNA in the cell nucleus. These findings characterize influenza A virus mRNA transport in living cells and suggest that influenza A virus mRNA may be exported from the nucleus by the cellular TAP/p15 pathway with NS1 protein and RNAP-II participation.
The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors
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