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Nucleic Acids Research Pages 234-238  

The Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations Database
Database Information
Database Availability And Citation
Acknowledgements
References

The Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations Database

The Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations Database

Bruce Gottlieb1,5,*, Heikki Lehvaslaiho6, Lenore K. Beitel1, Rose Lumbroso1, Leonard Pinsky1-4, Mark Trifiro1,2

1Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 2Department of Medicine, 3Department of Biology, 4Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3755 Chemin de la Cote-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada, 5Department of Biology, John Abbott College, PO Box 2000, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3L9, Canada and 6EMBL Outstation, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK

Received October 9, 1997; Accepted October 10, 1997

ABSTRACT

The current version of the androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations database is described. The total number of reported mutations has risen from 272 to 309 in the past year. We have expanded the database: (i) by giving each entry an accession number; (ii) by adding information on the length of polymorphic polyglutamine (polyGln) and polyglycine (polyGly) tracts in exon 1; (iii) by adding information on large gene deletions; (iv) by providing a direct link with a completely searchable database (courtesy EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute). The addition of the exon 1 polymorphisms is discussed in light of their possible relevance as markers for predisposition to prostate or breast cancer. The database is also available on the internet (http://www.mcgill.ca/androgendb/), from EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/androgen ), or as a Macintosh FilemakerPro or Word file (MC33{at}musica.mcgill.ca).

>Constitutional mutations in the X-linked androgen receptor gene (AR) cause the androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) by impairing androgen-dependent male sexual differentiation to various degrees (1-7). Somatic mutations in the AR have been found in advanced prostate cancer (8,9). Severe constitutional androgen insensitivity (AI) yields an external female phenotype. Partial constitutional AI yields a range of external genital phenotypes that vary from near-normal female to normal or near-normal male, with or without gynecomastia and other relatively `mild' signs of undervirilization.

The appearance of the database has been modified slightly this year (Table 1). An accession number has been assigned to each entry in the database to facilitate the construction of a completely searchable database (Fig. 1). The latter is directly linked to the database home page (Fig. 2). In addition to the core mutation maps for AIS phenotypes and prostatic cancer (Fig. 3), we have complemented the database, by constructing maps of large gene deletions (Fig. 4), and we have reclassified the number and variety of mutation types (Table 2).. Page of the searchable database showing the catagories that can be used to search the database.. Home page of the AR mutations database world wide web server.. Structure of the AR indicating the location of all exon and intron AIS mutations. [Delta], 1-4 bp deleted; o, 1-4 bp inserted; X, a termination codon at the site of the mutation or at the frameshifted codon identified by the number that follows the X; 0, a codon deletion; * identifies multiple mutations in the same individual, the other mutations are in brackets. Outlined red mutations have occurred in prostatic cancer. Solid red mutations have occured both in androgen insensitive individuals and prostatic cancer.. Structure of the AR illustrating all the large gene deletions. CAIS, complete androgen insensitivity; MAIS, mild androgen insensitivity.


Table 1. A composite sample page from the androgen receptor gene mutation database on the internet

1Acc #, Accession number given to every mutation in the database.
2CAIS, complete androgen insensitivity syndrome; PAIS, partial androgen insensitivity syndrome; MAIS, mild androgen insensitivity syndrome; LNCaP, lymph node carcinoma of the prostate cell line.
3Dom, domain, includes: Nterm, N-terminal 538 amino acids; DBD, DNA-binding domain, amino acids 539-627; LBD, ligand-binding domain, amino acids 645-919.
4Path, pathogenicity of the mutation is proven.
5Gln#, length of polyglutamine tract, Glu#, length of polyglycine tract.
6Amino acid and base positions are numbered according to the sequence of Lubahn et al. (17).
7Base substitutions are underlined; inserted bases are in italics; intronic bases are in lower case, elimination of a base is indicated by a 0.
8Tl, thermolability of the receptor.
9Ext Gen, external genitalia; Nor, normal; Amb, ambiguous.
10Fam Hist, family history.


Table 2 AR mutations in the database

DATABASE INFORMATION

This version of the database contains 309 entries (Table 2) representing over 200 different AR mutations (Figs 3 and 4) from over 360 patients with AI, over 35 cases of advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, and one case of laryngeal cancer.

There has been a relatively small increase in the number of reported AR mutations this past year compared to last year. In the interval between September 1996 and 1997 (Fig. 5), only 37 new mutations were registered, just over half the number registered last year (10). Last year's increase in registrations stemmed largely from the extraordinary number of reported mutations in prostate cancer (10). The trend in the previous few years has been a gradual decline in the number of new mutations reported. This reflected increasing difficulty in publishing reports of single mutations. This difficulty raises the question of what should be the criteria for including mutations in the database. Until now it has been the policy of the database curator to include mutations that have been published in a refereed journal or as an abstract in the proceedings of a refereed scientific meeting. In light of the obvious trend not to publish individual mutations, perhaps it is time to consider an additional criterion: membership in a consortium composed of laboratories with a peer-proven publication record on the AR.


Figure 1 The number of new mutations reported each year (striped), and cumulatively (solid).

For the first time, the database contains illustrations of AR deletions of >5 bp. A recent analysis of patients with complete AR deletions has indicated that those who have CAIS and mental retardation (MR) probably have a contiguous gene syndrome because of an MR locus between the polymorphic markers DX51 and DXS 905 at Xq11.2-12 (11).

The database has recently been expanded to include two well-known trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms of the AR. These polymorphisms encode a series of variable-length glutamine (CAG) and glycine (GGC) repeats in exon 1 of the AR gene. The CAG repeat is of special interest because its expansion causes the motor neuron disease, Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA) (12). Later, it was discovered that a number of other neurodegenerative diseases are caused by similar CAG expansions in a variety of unrelated genes whose normal function is, in most cases, still not established.

The reason for their inclusion in this database, however, derives from recent work, partly in our laboratory, suggesting: (i) that there is a shift in the distribution of CAG-repeat sizes in the hAR genes of breast cancer tissue (13); (ii) that CAG-repeat sizes may act as molecular markers for prostate cancer risk (14,15); (iii) that codon-usage variants and GGN-tract sizes may be used to seek associations with particular diseases (16).

Ultimately, we aim to prepare a three-dimensional map of the mutations that affect the structure-function properties of the ligand-binding domain of the protein. In anticipation of that goal, we have begun to position the mutations on a two-dimensional model of the domain in a typical nuclear receptor. Figure 6 shows the positions of two mutations that share an unusual set of androgen-binding properties.


Figure 2 Schematic representation of ligand-binding domains in (a) the presence and (b) the absence of ligand, L. The position of the mutations R871G and E772A are indicated by the striped circles. [Figure adapted from Parker and White (28).]

DATABASE AVAILABILITY AND CITATION

The database is available on the internet at http://www.mcgill.ca/androgendb/ , and by an anonymous ftp server at ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/androgenr. It can also be obtained as a Macintosh FilemakerPro or Word file from Bruce Gottlieb (MC33{at}musica.mcgill.ca). The internet database is updated every month; the other sources, every 3-4 months. Users are requested to cite the present article when the database has been helpful in preparing their publications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Medical Research Council, Canada, the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé, Québec and the Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et l'Aide à la Recherche, Quebec for supporting our own work on AR mutations.

REFERENCES

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16. Lumbroso, R., Beitel, L.K., Vasiliou, D.M., Trifiro, M.A. and Pinsky, L. (1997) Hum. Genet., 101, 143-146.

17. Lubahn, D.B., Joseph, D.R., Sar, M., Tan, J., Higgs, H.N., Larson, R.E., French, F.S. and Wilson, E.M. (1988) Mol. Endocrinol., 2, 1265-1275. MEDLINE Abstract

18. Urushibata, T., Iwatake, H., Kaneko, T. and Kato, I, (1996) 10th Int. Cong. Endocrinol., Abstr P3-706.

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26. Veldscholte, J., Ris-Stalpers, C., Kuiper, G.G.M.J., Jenster, G., Berrevoets, C., Claassen, E., van Rooij, H.C.J., Trapman, J., Brinkmann, A.O. and Mulder, E. (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 173, 534-540. MEDLINE Abstract

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*To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 2E1, Canada. Tel: +1 514 340 8260; Fax: +1 514 340 7502; Email: mc33@musica.mcgill.ca

This page is run by Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, as part of the OUP Journals Comments and feedback: www-admin{at}oup.co.uk
Last modification: 17 Dec 1997
Copyright© Oxford University Press, 1998.

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