Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 1 304-305
© 2000 Oxford University Press
The ENZYME database in 2000
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Medical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
Received October 12, 1999; Accepted October 13, 1999.
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONFORMATPRACTICAL INFORMATIONREFERENCES |
|---|
The ENZYME database is a repository of information related to the nomenclature of enzymes. In recent years it has became an indispensable resource for the development of metabolic databases. The current version contains information on 3705 enzymes. It is available through the ExPASy WWW server (http://www. expasy.ch/enzyme/ ).
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONFORMATPRACTICAL INFORMATIONREFERENCES |
|---|
ENZYME is a repository of information related to the nomenclature of enzymes. It is primarily based on the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) (1) and it contains the following data for each type of characterized enzyme for which an EC (Enzyme Commission) number has been provided:
• EC number;
• Recommended name;
• Alternative names (if any);
• Catalytic activity;
• Cofactors (if any);
• Pointers to the SWISS-PROT (2) protein sequence entrie(s) that correspond to the enzyme (if any);
• Pointers to the PROSITE (3) entrie(s) describing the protein familie(s) of which the enzyme is a member (if any);
• Pointers to human disease(s) (4) associated with a deficiency of the enzyme (if any).
We believe that the ENZYME database would be useful to anybody working with enzymes and that it can be of help in the development of computer programs involved in the manipulation of metabolic pathways. In the recent years it has became an indispensable resource for the development of metabolic databases (5). Such databases typically describe collections of enzymes, reactions and biochemical pathways and are used in conjunction with software that allows to query and visualize metabolic information. They are used in various contexts and have gained recognition in the context of the reconstruction of metabolic pathways from the sequence of complete bacterial or archaebacterial genomes (6,7).
The main source for the data in ENZYME comes from the recommendations of the IUBMB, but additional information has been extracted from the literature. Finally, it is important to note that the tight coupling that exists between ENZYME and SWISS-PROT is of benefit to both resources as it allows updates and corrections to be propagated efficiently between them.
|
FORMAT |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONFORMATPRACTICAL INFORMATIONREFERENCES |
|---|
The entries in the database are structured so as to be usable by human readers as well as by computer programs. An entry in the database is composed of defined line types, each with its own format; they are used to record the various types of data which make up the entry. For standardization purposes the format of ENZYME follows as closely as possible that of the SWISS-PROT (2) and EMBL (8) sequence databases. Two sample ENZYME entries are shown below:
ID 1.14.17.3DE Peptidylglycine monooxygenase.AN Peptidyl alpha-amidating enzyme.AN Peptidylglycine 2-hydroxylase.CA Peptidylglycine + ascorbate + O(2) = peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) +CA dehydroascorbate + H(2)O.CF Copper.CC -!- Peptidylglycines with a neutral amino acid residue in the penultimateCC position are the best substrates for the enzyme.CC -!- The enzyme also catalyses the dismutation of the product toCC glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide.CC -!- Involved in the final step of biosynthesis of alpha-melanotropinCC and related biologically active peptides.PR PROSITE; PDOC00080;DR P08478, AMD1_XENLA; P12890, AMD2_XENLA; P10731, AMD_BOVIN ;DR P19021, AMD_HUMAN ; P97467, AMD_MOUSE ; P14925, AMD_RAT ;//ID 2.3.1.43DE Phosphatidylcholine–sterol O-acyltransferase.AN Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase.AN LCAT.AN Phospholipid–cholesterol acyltransferase.CA Phosphatidylcholine + a sterol = a sterol ester +CA 1-acylglycerophosphocholine.CC -!- Palmitoyl, oleoyl, and linoleoyl can be transferred; a number ofCC sterols, including cholesterol, can act as acceptor.CC -!- The bacterial enzyme also catalyses the reactions of EC 3.1.1.4 andCC EC 3.1.1.5.DI Norum disease; MIM:245900.DI Fish-eye disease; MIM:136120.PR PROSITE; PDOC00110;DR P10480, GCAT_AERHY; P53760, LCAT_CHICK; P04180, LCAT_HUMAN;DR P16301, LCAT_MOUSE; Q08758, LCAT_PAPAN; P30930, LCAT_PIG ;DR P53761, LCAT_RABIT; P18424, LCAT_RAT ;//
|
PRACTICAL INFORMATION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONFORMATPRACTICAL INFORMATIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Content of the current release
Release 25.0 of ENZYME (July 1999) contains information on 3705 enzymes. The data file (ENZYME.DAT) requires ~1.5 Mb of disk storage space. The database is distributed with a user’s manual (ENZUSER.TXT); a file describing the various classes, subclasses and sub-subclasses of enzymes (ENZCLASS.TXT); and a file that describes how the database can be obtained (ENZYME.GET). The present distribution frequency is four releases per year. No restrictions are placed on the use or redistribution of the data.
Interactive access to SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL
The most efficient and user-friendly way to browse interactively in SWISS-PROT or TrEMBL is to use the World-Wide Web (WWW) molecular biology server ExPASy (9). The ExPASy Web server was made available to the public in September 1993. On October 1999 a cumulative total of 60 million connections was attained. Its address is http://www.expasy.ch/
You can directly access the section of ExPASy that allows you to browse through the ENZYME database from: http://www.expasy.ch/enzyme/
The electronic version of the Boehringer Mannheim Biochemical Pathways Wallchart
The Biochemical Pathways Wallchart edited by retired Boehringer Mannheim researcher Dr Gerhard Michal (see http://biochem.boehringer-mannheim.com/techserv/metmap.htm ), has a long tradition of prominence on the walls of life sciences laboratories. It consists of a graphical representation of the main metabolic pathways. We provide, on the ExPASy server (http://www.expasy.ch/cgi-bin/search-biochem-index ), an electronic version of the chart as a series of linked images. Each enzyme mentioned in the chart is linked to its corresponding entry in ENZYME. The converse is also true.
How to obtain ENZYME
You can obtain ENZYME by FTP from ftp.expasy.ch or ftp.ebi.ac.uk
A version of the database in the ASN.1 data exchange format compatible with the databases and software developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (10) is also available on the above servers.
How to submit new data or updates/corrections to ENZYME
We do not assign EC numbers for newly characterized enzymes, this is the responsibility of the Nomenclature Committee of IUBMB (NC-IUBMB) (see http://www.chem. qmw.ac.uk/iupac/jcbn/ ). To contact the person responsible for the assignment of EC numbers in that committee one should write to:
Prof. K. Tipton
Department of Biochemistry
Trinity College, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
Tel: +353 1 608 1608; Fax: +353 1 677 2400; Email: ktipton@tcd.ie
ENZYME is distributed with a form that can be used to fill in the information necessary for the NC-IUBMB to assign an EC number (see http://www.expasy.ch/sprot/enz_new_form.html ). A separate form is available to send updates or corrections (see http://www.expasy.ch/sprot/enz_update_form.html ).
The commission regularly sends us updates and additions to the nomenclature so that they can be integrated into the database in a timely manner.
|
FOOTNOTES |
|---|
* Tel: +41 22 702 5477; Fax: +41 22 702 5502; Email: amos.bairoch@medecine.unige.ch
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONFORMATPRACTICAL INFORMATIONREFERENCES |
|---|
-
1 Enzyme Nomenclature (1992) Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes, NC-IUBMB. Academic Press, New York, NY.
2Bairoch,A. and Apweiler,R. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res., 27, 49–54. Updated article in this issue: Nucleic Acids Res. (2000), 28, 45–48.
3 Hofmann,K., Bucher,P., Falquet,L. and Bairoch,A. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res., 27, 215–219.
4 Pearson,P.L., Francomano,C., Foster,P., Bocchini,C., Li,P. and McKusick,V.A. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res., 22, 3470–3473.
5 Karp,P. (1998) Trends Biochem. Sci., 23, 114–116.[Web of Science][Medline]
6 Galperin,M.Y. and Brenner,S.E. (1998) Trends Genet., 14, 332–333.[Web of Science][Medline]
7 Bono,H., Ogata,H., Goto,S. and Kanehisa,M. (1998) Genome Res., 8, 203–210.
8 Stoesser,G., Tuli,M.A., Lopez,R. and Sterk,P. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res., 27, 18–24. Updated article in this issue: Nucleic Acids Res. (2000), 28, 19–23.
9 Appel,R.D., Bairoch,A. and Hochstrasser,D.F. (1994) Trends Biochem. Sci., 19, 258–260.[Web of Science][Medline]
10 Benson,D.A., Boguski,M.S., Lipman,D.J., Ostell,J., Ouellette,B.F.F., Rapp,B.A. and Wheeler,D.L. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res., 27, 12–17. Updated article in this issue: Nucleic Acids Res. (2000), 28, 15–18.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  V. K. Sharma, N. Kumar, T. Prakash, and T. D. Taylor MetaBioME: a database to explore commercially useful enzymes in metagenomic datasets Nucleic Acids Res., November 11, 2009; (2009) gkp1001v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Caspi, T. Altman, J. M. Dale, K. Dreher, C. A. Fulcher, F. Gilham, P. Kaipa, A. S. Karthikeyan, A. Kothari, M. Krummenacker, et al. The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes and the BioCyc collection of pathway/genome databases Nucleic Acids Res., October 22, 2009; (2009) gkp875v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Kristiansson, P. Hugenholtz, and D. Dalevi ShotgunFunctionalizeR: an R-package for functional comparison of metagenomes Bioinformatics, October 15, 2009; 25(20): 2737 - 2738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Reitinger, J. Mullegger, B. Greiderer, J. E. Nielsen, and G. Lepperdinger Designed Human Serum Hyaluronidase 1 Variant, HYAL1{Delta}L, Exhibits Activity up to pH 5.9 J. Biol. Chem., July 17, 2009; 284(29): 19173 - 19177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Wallach and R. H. Lilien Prediction of sub-cavity binding preferences using an adaptive physicochemical structure representation Bioinformatics, June 15, 2009; 25(12): i296 - i304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. McDonald, S. Boyce, and K. F. Tipton ExplorEnz: the primary source of the IUBMB enzyme list Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2009; 37(suppl_1): D593 - D597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Klimke, R. Agarwala, A. Badretdin, S. Chetvernin, S. Ciufo, B. Fedorov, B. Kiryutin, K. O'Neill, W. Resch, S. Resenchuk, et al. The National Center for Biotechnology Information's Protein Clusters Database Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2009; 37(suppl_1): D216 - D223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Droc, C. Perin, S. Fromentin, and P. Larmande OryGenesDB 2008 update: database interoperability for functional genomics of rice Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2009; 37(suppl_1): D992 - D995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Berglund, E. Bjorling, P. Oksvold, L. Fagerberg, A. Asplund, C. Al-Khalili Szigyarto, A. Persson, J. Ottosson, H. Wernerus, P. Nilsson, et al. A Genecentric Human Protein Atlas for Expression Profiles Based on Antibodies Mol. Cell. Proteomics, October 1, 2008; 7(10): 2019 - 2027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Loewenstein and M. Linial Connect the dots: exposing hidden protein family connections from the entire sequence tree Bioinformatics, August 15, 2008; 24(16): i193 - i199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Capra and M. Singh Characterization and prediction of residues determining protein functional specificity Bioinformatics, July 1, 2008; 24(13): 1473 - 1480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Klein, S. Leupold, R. Munch, C. Pommerenke, T. Johl, U. Karst, L. Jansch, D. Jahn, and I. Retter ProdoNet: identification and visualization of prokaryotic gene regulatory and metabolic networks Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2008; 36(suppl_2): W460 - W464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bashton, I. Nobeli, and J. M. Thornton PROCOGNATE: a cognate ligand domain mapping for enzymes Nucleic Acids Res., January 11, 2008; 36(suppl_1): D618 - D622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Grafahrend-Belau, S. Weise, D. Koschutzki, U. Scholz, B. H. Junker, and F. Schreiber MetaCrop: a detailed database of crop plant metabolism Nucleic Acids Res., January 11, 2008; 36(suppl_1): D954 - D958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. M. Markowitz, E. Szeto, K. Palaniappan, Y. Grechkin, K. Chu, I-M. A. Chen, I. Dubchak, I. Anderson, A. Lykidis, K. Mavromatis, et al. The integrated microbial genomes (IMG) system in 2007: data content and analysis tool extensions Nucleic Acids Res., January 11, 2008; 36(suppl_1): D528 - D533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Crangle, J. M. Cherry, E. L. Hong, and A. Zbyslaw Mining experimental evidence of molecular function claims from the literature Bioinformatics, December 1, 2007; 23(23): 3232 - 3240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Rodriguez, T. Bompada, M. Syed, P. K. Shah, and N. Maltsev Evolutionary analysis of enzymes using Chisel Bioinformatics, November 15, 2007; 23(22): 2961 - 2968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. G Lemay, A. M Zivkovic, and J B. German Building the bridges to bioinformatics in nutrition research Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1261 - 1269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Capra and M. Singh Predicting functionally important residues from sequence conservation Bioinformatics, August 1, 2007; 23(15): 1875 - 1882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Marti-Renom, U. Pieper, M. S. Madhusudhan, A. Rossi, N. Eswar, F. P. Davis, F. Al-Shahrour, J. Dopazo, and A. Sali DBAli tools: mining the protein structure space Nucleic Acids Res., July 13, 2007; 35(suppl_2): W393 - W397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Choi, R. Munch, S. Leupold, J. Klein, I. Siegel, B. Thielen, B. Benkert, M. Kucklick, M. Schobert, J. Barthelmes, et al. SYSTOMONAS -- an integrated database for systems biology analysis of Pseudomonas Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D533 - D537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. E. Snyder, N. Kampanya, J. Lu, E. K. Nordberg, H. R. Karur, M. Shukla, J. Soneja, Y. Tian, T. Xue, H. Yoo, et al. PATRIC: The VBI PathoSystems Resource Integration Center Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D401 - D406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. D'Agostino, M. Aversano, L. Frusciante, and M. L. Chiusano TomatEST database: in silico exploitation of EST data to explore expression patterns in tomato species Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D901 - D905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Garcia-Serna, L. Opatowski, and J. Mestres FCP: functional coverage of the proteome by structures Bioinformatics, July 15, 2006; 22(14): 1792 - 1793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Abhiman, C. O. Daub, and E. L. L. Sonnhammer Prediction of Function Divergence in Protein Families Using the Substitution Rate Variation Parameter Alpha Mol. Biol. Evol., July 1, 2006; 23(7): 1406 - 1413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Jensen, M. P. Styczynski, I. Rigoutsos, and G. N. Stephanopoulos A generic motif discovery algorithm for sequential data Bioinformatics, January 1, 2006; 22(1): 21 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Guda, L. R. Pal, and I. N. Shindyalov DMAPS: a database of multiple alignments for protein structures Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2006; 34(suppl_1): D273 - D276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Maltsev, E. Glass, D. Sulakhe, A. Rodriguez, M. H. Syed, T. Bompada, Y. Zhang, and M. D'Souza PUMA2--grid-based high-throughput analysis of genomes and metabolic pathways Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2006; 34(suppl_1): D369 - D372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Cotter, A. Maer, C. Guda, B. Saunders, and S. Subramaniam LMPD: LIPID MAPS proteome database Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2006; 34(suppl_1): D507 - D510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Chen, K. Abbey, W.-j. Deng, and M.-c. Cheng The bioinformatics resource for oral pathogens Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2005; 33(suppl_2): W734 - W740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Wolstencroft, R. McEntire, R. Stevens, L. Tabernero, and A. Brass Constructing ontology-driven protein family databases Bioinformatics, April 15, 2005; 21(8): 1685 - 1692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-H. Sheu, D. R. Lancia Jr, K. H. Clodfelter, M. R. Landon, and S. Vajda PRECISE: a Database of Predicted and Consensus Interaction Sites in Enzymes Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2005; 33(suppl_1): D206 - D211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Kaplan, O. Sasson, U. Inbar, M. Friedlich, M. Fromer, H. Fleischer, E. Portugaly, N. Linial, and M. Linial ProtoNet 4.0: A hierarchical classification of one million protein sequences Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2005; 33(suppl_1): D216 - D218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Meinel, A. Krause, H. Luz, M. Vingron, and E. Staub The SYSTERS Protein Family Database in 2005 Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2005; 33(suppl_1): D226 - D229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Pearl, A. Todd, I. Sillitoe, M. Dibley, O. Redfern, T. Lewis, C. Bennett, R. Marsden, A. Grant, D. Lee, et al. The CATH Domain Structure Database and related resources Gene3D and DHS provide comprehensive domain family information for genome analysis Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2005; 33(suppl_1): D247 - D251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Laskowski, V. V. Chistyakov, and J. M. Thornton PDBsum more: new summaries and analyses of the known 3D structures of proteins and nucleic acids Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2005; 33(suppl_1): D266 - D268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ogata and J.-M. Claverie Metagrowth: a new resource for the building of metabolic hypotheses in microbiology Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2005; 33(suppl_1): D321 - D324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Pazos, D. Guijas, A. Valencia, and V. De Lorenzo MetaRouter: bioinformatics for bioremediation Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2005; 33(suppl_1): D588 - D592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Tian, A. K. Arakaki, and J. Skolnick EFICAz: a comprehensive approach for accurate genome-scale enzyme function inference Nucleic Acids Res., December 1, 2004; 32(21): 6226 - 6239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Allal, C. Buisson-Brenac, V. Marion, C. Claudel-Renard, T. Faraut, P. Dal Monte, D. Streblow, M. Record, and J.-L. Davignon Human Cytomegalovirus Carries a Cell-Derived Phospholipase A2 Required for Infectivity J. Virol., July 15, 2004; 78(14): 7717 - 7726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. T. Porter, G. J. Bartlett, and J. M. Thornton The Catalytic Site Atlas: a resource of catalytic sites and residues identified in enzymes using structural data Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2004; 32(90001): D129 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Golovin, T. J. Oldfield, J. G. Tate, S. Velankar, G. J. Barton, H. Boutselakis, D. Dimitropoulos, J. Fillon, A. Hussain, J. M. C. Ionides, et al. E-MSD: an integrated data resource for bioinformatics Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2004; 32(90001): D211 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Fleischmann, M. Darsow, K. Degtyarenko, W. Fleischmann, S. Boyce, K. B. Axelsen, A. Bairoch, D. Schomburg, K. F. Tipton, and R. Apweiler IntEnz, the integrated relational enzyme database Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2004; 32(90001): D434 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Cotter, P. Guda, E. Fahy, and S. Subramaniam MitoProteome: mitochondrial protein sequence database and annotation system Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2004; 32(90001): D463 - 467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Claudel-Renard, C. Chevalet, T. Faraut, and D. Kahn Enzyme-specific profiles for genome annotation: PRIAM Nucleic Acids Res., November 15, 2003; 31(22): 6633 - 6639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Kaplan, A. Vaaknin, and M. Linial PANDORA: keyword-based analysis of protein sets by integration of annotation sources Nucleic Acids Res., October 1, 2003; 31(19): 5617 - 5626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Milik, S. Szalma, and K. A. Olszewski Common Structural Cliques: a tool for protein structure and function analysis Protein Eng. Des. Sel., August 1, 2003; 16(8): 543 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Gasteiger, A. Gattiker, C. Hoogland, I. Ivanyi, R. D. Appel, and A. Bairoch ExPASy: the proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2003; 31(13): 3784 - 3788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Camon, M. Magrane, D. Barrell, D. Binns, W. Fleischmann, P. Kersey, N. Mulder, T. Oinn, J. Maslen, A. Cox, et al. The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) Project: Implementation of GO in SWISS-PROT, TrEMBL, and InterPro Genome Res., April 1, 2003; 13(4): 662 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M. Jones and R. Haselkorn Newly Identified Cytochrome c Oxidase Operon in the Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 Specifically Induced in Heterocysts J. Bacteriol., May 1, 2002; 184(9): 2491 - 2499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. P. Valuev, D. A. Afonnikov, M. P. Ponomarenko, L. Milanesi, and N. A. Kolchanov ASPD (Artificially Selected Proteins/Peptides Database): a database of proteins and peptides evolved in vitro Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2002; 30(1): 200 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Chen, Z. L. Ji, and Y. Z. Chen TTD: Therapeutic Target Database Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2002; 30(1): 412 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hegyi and M. Gerstein Annotation Transfer for Genomics: Measuring Functional Divergence in Multi-Domain Proteins Genome Res., October 1, 2001; 11(10): 1632 - 1640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Nahum and M. Riley Divergence of Function in Sequence-Related Groups of Escherichia coli Proteins Genome Res., August 1, 2001; 11(8): 1375 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Tsoka and C. A. Ouzounis Functional Versatility and Molecular Diversity of the Metabolic Map of Escherichia coli Genome Res., September 1, 2001; 11(9): 1503 - 1510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||