Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 13 3497-3500
© 2003 Oxford University Press
Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany 1 Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka-Ken 411-8540, Japan 2 European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK 3 Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland 4 Laboratoire de Biologie et Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (CNRS/INSERM/ULP), BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +33 388653200; Fax: +33 388653276; Email: julie{at}igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
Received January 29, 2003; Revised and Accepted March 4, 2003
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONClustalWWW WEB SERVERNEW FEATURESREFERENCES |
|---|
The Clustal series of programs are widely used in molecular biology for the multiple alignment of both nucleic acid and protein sequences and for preparing phylogenetic trees. The popularity of the programs depends on a number of factors, including not only the accuracy of the results, but also the robustness, portability and user-friendliness of the programs. New features include NEXUS and FASTA format output, printing range numbers and faster tree calculation. Although, Clustal was originally developed to run on a local computer, numerous Web servers have been set up, notably at the EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/).
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONClustalWWW WEB SERVERNEW FEATURESREFERENCES |
|---|
One of the cornerstones of modern bioinformatics is the comparison or alignment of protein sequences. With the aid of multiple sequence alignments, biologists are able to study the sequence patterns conserved through evolution and the ancestral relationships between different organisms. Sequences can be aligned across their entire length (global alignment) or only in certain regions (local alignment). The most widely used programs for global multiple sequence alignment are from the Clustal series of programs. The first Clustal program was written by Des Higgins in 1988 (1) and was designed specifically to work efficiently on personal computers, which at that time, had feeble computing power by today's standards. It combined a memory-efficient dynamic programming algorithm (2) with the progressive alignment strategy developed by Feng and Doolittle (3) and Willie Taylor (4). The multiple alignment is built up progressively by a series of pairwise alignments, following the branching order in a guide tree. The initial pre-comparison used a rapid word-based alignment algorithm (5) and the guide tree was constructed using the UPGMA method (6). In 1992, a new release was made, called ClustalV (7,8), which incorporated profile alignments (alignments of existing alignments) and the facility to generate trees from the multiple alignment using the Neighbour-Joining (NJ) method (9). The third generation of the series, ClustalW (10), released in 1994, incorporated a number of improvements to the alignment algorithm, including sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and the automatic choice of a suitable residue comparison matrix at each stage in the multiple alignment. In addition, the approximate word search used for the pre-comparison step was replaced by a more sensitive dynamic programming algorithm, and the dendogram construction by UPGMA was replaced by NJ. The ClustalW program looked very similar to ClustalV, with simple text menus for interactive use and the possibility of running the program in batch mode by specifying the input file and the parameter options on the command line.
The rationale behind the development of the Clustal series has been to provide robust, portable programs that are capable of providing good, biologically accurate alignments within a reasonable time limit. A close collaboration between biologists and computer scientists is probably one of the main reasons for the success and continued widespread use of the Clustal programs. ClustalW has given rise to a number of developments, including the latest member of the family, ClustalX (11). Although the alignments produced are the same as those produced by the current release of ClustalW, the user can better evaluate alignments in ClustalX. The program displays the multiple alignment in a scrollable window and all parameters are available using pull-down menus. Within alignments, conserved columns are highlighted using a customizable colour scheme and quality analysis tools are available to highlight potentially misaligned regions. ClustalX is easy to install, is user-friendly and maintains the portability of the previous generations through the NCBI Vibrant toolkit (ftp://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/toolbox/ncbitools/). Numerous options are provided, such as the realignment of selected sequences or selected blocks of the alignment and the possibility of building up difficult alignments piecemeal, making ClustalX an ideal tool for working interactively on alignments.
Parallel versions of ClustalW and ClustalX have been developed by SGI (http://www.sgi.com/industries/sciences/chembio/resources/clustalw/parallel_clustalw.html), which show increased speeds of up to 10x when running ClustalW/X on 16 CPUs and significantly reduce the time required for data analysis. A number of other significant developments have been based on the ClustalW program. For example, ClustalNet (12) is a Clustal alignment CORBA server and DbClustal (13) is a program for aligning sequences detected by database searches, which uses local alignment information to anchor the global multiple alignment. DbClustal is available on the Web at http://www-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/BioInfo/DbClustal and forms part of the WU-Blast2 (Washington University BLAST version 2.0) server at the EBI (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/blast2/).
|
ClustalWWW WEB SERVER |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONClustalWWW WEB SERVERNEW FEATURESREFERENCES |
|---|
Numerous Web servers have exploited the command line interface of ClustalW, notably the EBI's ClustalWWW Web server, which currently runs between 2000–10 000 jobs/day and the SRS server at the same site (http://srs.ebi.ac.uk/), which has ClustalW built in. The EBI ClustalWWW interface provides extensive help, ranging from an introduction to multiple alignments for new users to detailed descriptions of each alignment option. An important factor in obtaining a high-quality alignment is the ability to change the numerous alignment parameters available in ClustalW. While the default values of the parameters have been optimised to work in the majority of cases, they are not necessarily optimal for any given alignment problem. In the ClustalWWW interface, all the options are easily accessible on the top page.
Sequences can be entered by either pasting them or by uploading a file from the user's local computer. In both cases, the sequences should be in one of seven different formats (GCG, FASTA, EMBL, GenBank, PIR, NBRF, Phylip or SWISS-PROT). Although users are encouraged to submit large numbers of sequences, there is no guarantee that the alignment will be completed within the job run limits. Therefore, users who experience problems when attempting to make very large alignments are advised to download the software and run it locally. In addition to the input format, the user can also specify the preferred output format for the multiple sequence alignment. The options are currently ALN, GCG, PHYLIP, PIR and GDE. It is also possible to configure the browser to automatically load the results files from ClustalW into a suitable external application. A list of some example URLs for obtaining such applications for MS-Windows, Macintosh and UNIX systems is provided in Table 1. Many commercial packages, e.g. the GCG package (Wisconsin Package, Genetics Computer Group, Madison, WI) and its X Window graphical user interface, SeqLab, can also accept ClustalW alignments.
|
The resulting multiple alignments can be displayed as either black and white or colour coded text. An example of the colour coded display is shown in Figure 1. The alignment consists of four oxidoreductase NAD binding domains. The colouring of residues takes place according to physicochemical criteria highlighting conserved positions in the sequences. A consensus line is also displayed below the alignment with the following symbols denoting the degree of conservation observed in each column: ‘*’ (identical residues in all sequences), ‘:’ (highly conserved column), ‘.’ (weakly conserved column).
|
A recent enhancement to the ClustalWWW interface has been the addition of an option that allows the user to upload the results of ClustalW into an alignment editor, using a Java Applet called JalView (http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/). JalView is a fully featured multiple sequence alignment editor which allows the user to perform further alignment analysis. Special features include the definition of sequence sub-groups, links to the SRS server at the EBI and an option to output the alignment as a colour postscript file for printing purposes.
As well as constructing multiple alignments, ClustalWWW can also calculate trees from a multiple alignment using the NJ method, a widely used and relatively fast algorithm that clusters sequences by minimising the sum of branch lengths. The resulting evolutionary relationships can be viewed either as cladograms or phylograms, with the option to display branch lengths (or ‘tree graph distances’).
|
NEW FEATURES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONClustalWWW WEB SERVERNEW FEATURESREFERENCES |
|---|
Both ClustalW and ClustalX are being actively maintained and updated. Recent enhancements have included the possibility of saving both alignments and phylogenetic trees in the NEXUS format (14) for compatibility with a number of phylogeny programs. Some work has also been done to optimise the alignment parameters, for example the Gonnet series of residue comparison matrices (15) is now used by default for protein sequence alignments. The latest version of the programs (version 1.83), which was released early this year, contained four main enhancements. The first modification is the facility to save the multiple alignment result as a FASTA format file, for compatibility with a number of other software packages. Another is to provide a percent identity matrix, which some users have asked for. A third new option is the possibility of saving the residue range in the output file when saving a user-specified range of the alignment. This is particularly useful when extracting a single domain from the alignment of multi-domain proteins. For example, in Figure 1 the NAD binding domain was extracted from a multiple alignment of the full-length oxidoreductase protein sequences and the residue range was automatically appended to the sequence names. Perhaps the most important enhancement in the latest version, however, is the incorporation of a faster implementation of the NJ algorithm used to construct guide trees during the multiple alignment process and also to construct phylogenetic trees based on the final alignment. Table 2 contains examples of the time required by the NJ algorithm for the construction of a phylogenetic tree from alignments containing different numbers of sequences. The increased speeds obtained mean that it is now possible to construct phylogenetic trees for very large sets of sequences, which were previously only feasible on very large computer systems. As an example, Figure 2 shows a phylogenetic tree constructed from an alignment of more than 1100 ring finger domain sequences taken from the PFAM database (16) entry PF00097. The new NJ implementation was written by T. Koike. An independent acceleration of the NJ algorithm has been published and is freely available as the QuickTree program (17). Though coding details differ, both implementations addressed the major slow points of the original code and so will not produce combinatorial improvement.
|
|
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
|---|
We thank the many Clustal users who have provided feedback, bug reports and feature requests. T.K. would like to express his thanks to the Life Science Systems Division at Fujitsu Ltd for allowing him to participate in the bioinformatics research and development at the National Institute of Genetics. J.D.T. was supported by institute funds from the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Hôpital Universitaire de Strasbourg and the Fond National de la Science (GENOPOLE).
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONClustalWWW WEB SERVERNEW FEATURESREFERENCES |
|---|
- Higgins,D.G. and Sharp,P.M. (1988) CLUSTAL: a package for performing multiple sequence alignment on a microcomputer. Gene, 73, 237–244.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Myers,E.W. and Miller,W. (1988) Optimal alignments in linear space. Comput. Applic. Biosci., 4, 11–17.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Feng,D.F. and Doolittle,R.F. (1987) Progressive sequence alignment as a prerequisite to correct phylogenetic trees. J. Mol. Evol., 25, 351–360.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Taylor,W.R. (1988) A flexible method to align large numbers of biological sequences. J. Mol. Evol., 28, 161–169.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Wilbur,W.J. and Lipman,D.J. (1983) Rapid similarity searches of nucleic acid and protein data banks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 726–730.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Sneath,P.H.A. and Sokal,R.R. (1973) Numerical Taxonomy. WH Freeman, San Francisco, CA, pp. 230–234.
- Higgins,D.G. (1994) CLUSTAL V: multiple alignment of DNA and protein sequences. Methods Mol. Biol., 25, 307–318.[Medline]
- Higgins,D.G., Bleasby,A.J. and Fuchs,R. (1992) CLUSTAL V: improved software for multiple sequence alignment. Comput. Appl. Biosci., 8, 189–191.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Saitou,N. and Nei,M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol., 4, 406–425.[Abstract]
- Thompson,J.D., Higgins,D.G. and Gibson,T.J. (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res., 22, 4673–4680.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Thompson,J.D., Gibson,T.J., Plewniak,F., Jeanmougin,F. and Higgins,D.G. (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res., 25, 4876–4882.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Compagne,F. (2000) Clustalnet: the joining of Clustal and CORBA. Bioinformatics, 16, 606–612.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Thompson,J.D., Plewniak,F., Thierry,J. and Poch,O. (2000) DbClustal: rapid and reliable global multiple alignments of protein sequences detected by database searches. Nucleic Acids Res., 28, 2919–2926.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Maddison,D.R., Swofford,D.L. and Maddison,W.P. (1997) NEXUS: an extensible file format for systematic information, Syst. Biol., 46, 590–621.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Benner,S.A., Cohen,M.A. and Gonnet,G.H. (1994) Amino acid substitution during functionally constrained divergent evolution of protein sequences. Protein Eng., 7, 1323–1332.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bateman,A., Birney,E., Cerruti,L., Durbin,R., Etwiller,L., Eddy,S.R., Griffiths-Jones,S., Howe,K.L., Marshall,M. and Sonnhammer,E.L. (2002) The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res., 1, 276–280.
- Howe,K., Bateman,A. and Durbin,R. (2002) Quick Tree: building huge Neighbour-Joining trees of protein sequences. Bioinformatics, 11, 1546–1547.
- Perrière,G. and Gouy,M. (1996) WWW-Query: an on-line retrieval system for biological sequence banks. Biochimie, 78, 364–369.[Medline]
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Y.-J. Pan, C.-C. Cho, Y.-Y. Kao, and C.-H. Sun A Novel WRKY-like Protein Involved in Transcriptional Activation of Cyst Wall Protein Genes in Giardia lamblia J. Biol. Chem., July 3, 2009; 284(27): 17975 - 17988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Cremonesi, G. Pisoni, M. Severgnini, C. Consolandi, P. Moroni, M. Raschetti, and B. Castiglioni Pathogen detection in milk samples by ligation detection reaction-mediated universal array method J Dairy Sci, July 1, 2009; 92(7): 3027 - 3039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. J. Chalker, K. Jordan, T. Ali, and C. Ison Real-time PCR detection of the mg219 gene of unknown function of Mycoplasma genitalium in men with and without non-gonococcal urethritis and their female partners in England J. Med. Microbiol., July 1, 2009; 58(7): 895 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Boyce, P. Chilana, and T. M. Rose iCODEHOP: a new interactive program for designing COnsensus-DEgenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primers from multiply aligned protein sequences Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2009; 37(suppl_2): W222 - W228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T.-K. Seo and H. Kishino Statistical Comparison of Nucleotide, Amino Acid, and Codon Substitution Models for Evolutionary Analysis of Protein-Coding Sequences Syst Biol, June 29, 2009; (2009) syp015v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Badis, M. F. Berger, A. A. Philippakis, S. Talukder, A. R. Gehrke, S. A. Jaeger, E. T. Chan, G. Metzler, A. Vedenko, X. Chen, et al. Diversity and Complexity in DNA Recognition by Transcription Factors Science, June 26, 2009; 324(5935): 1720 - 1723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Puthiyaveetil and J. F. Allen Chloroplast two-component systems: evolution of the link between photosynthesis and gene expression Proc R Soc B, June 22, 2009; 276(1665): 2133 - 2145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Severgnini, P. Cremonesi, C. Consolandi, G. Caredda, G. De Bellis, and B. Castiglioni ORMA: a tool for identification of species-specific variations in 16S rRNA gene and oligonucleotides design Nucleic Acids Res., June 16, 2009; (2009) gkp499v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Hawkins, C. Grant, W. S. Noble, and T. L. Bailey Assessing phylogenetic motif models for predicting transcription factor binding sites Bioinformatics, June 15, 2009; 25(12): i339 - i347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rivarola, C. A. McClellan, J. S. Resnick, and C. Chang ETR1-Specific Mutations Distinguish ETR1 from Other Arabidopsis Ethylene Receptors as Revealed by Genetic Interaction with RTE1 Plant Physiology, June 1, 2009; 150(2): 547 - 551. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Mellway, L. T. Tran, M. B. Prouse, M. M. Campbell, and C. P. Constabel The Wound-, Pathogen-, and Ultraviolet B-Responsive MYB134 Gene Encodes an R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor That Regulates Proanthocyanidin Synthesis in Poplar Plant Physiology, June 1, 2009; 150(2): 924 - 941. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Marty, D. Rajalingam, A. D. Kight, N. E. Lewis, D. Fologea, T. K. S. Kumar, R. L. Henry, and R. L. Goforth The Membrane-binding Motif of the Chloroplast Signal Recognition Particle Receptor (cpFtsY) Regulates GTPase Activity J. Biol. Chem., May 29, 2009; 284(22): 14891 - 14903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. B. Kurella, J. M. Richard, C. L. Parke, L. F. LeCour Jr., H. D. Bellamy, and D. K. Worthylake Crystal Structure of the GTPase-activating Protein-related Domain from IQGAP1 J. Biol. Chem., May 29, 2009; 284(22): 14857 - 14865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Xie, M. Wang, M. d. F. Bonaldo, C. Smith, V. Rajaram, S. Goldman, T. Tomita, and M. B. Soares High-throughput sequence-based epigenomic analysis of Alu repeats in human cerebellum Nucleic Acids Res., May 20, 2009; (2009) gkp393v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. El Yacoubi, B. Lyons, Y. Cruz, R. Reddy, B. Nordin, F. Agnelli, J. R. Williamson, P. Schimmel, M. A. Swairjo, and V. de Crecy-Lagard The universal YrdC/Sua5 family is required for the formation of threonylcarbamoyladenosine in tRNA Nucleic Acids Res., May 1, 2009; 37(9): 2894 - 2909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. M.-R. Arnould, H. Soyeurt, N. Gengler, F. G. Colinet, M. V. Georges, C. Bertozzi, D. Portetelle, and R. Renaville Genetic analysis of lactoferrin content in bovine milk J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2009; 92(5): 2151 - 2158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Ikeda and M. Ohme-Takagi A Novel Group of Transcriptional Repressors in Arabidopsis Plant Cell Physiol., May 1, 2009; 50(5): 970 - 975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Johnstone, K. L. Ciborowski, K. P. Lubieniecki, W. Chow, R. B. Phillips, B. F. Koop, W. C. Jordan, and W. S. Davidson Genomic Organization and Evolution of the Vomeronasal Type 2 Receptor-Like (OlfC) Gene Clusters in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar Mol. Biol. Evol., May 1, 2009; 26(5): 1117 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Kawabe, T. Morio, J. L. James, A. R. Prescott, Y. Tanaka, and P. Schaap Activated cAMP receptors switch encystation into sporulation PNAS, April 28, 2009; 106(17): 7089 - 7094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Bartholomeeusen, F. Christ, J. Hendrix, J.-C. Rain, S. Emiliani, R. Benarous, Z. Debyser, R. Gijsbers, and J. De Rijck Lens Epithelium-derived Growth Factor/p75 Interacts with the Transposase-derived DDE Domain of PogZ J. Biol. Chem., April 24, 2009; 284(17): 11467 - 11477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Puhl, L. B. Selinger, T. A. McAllister, and G. D. Inglis Actinomadura keratinilytica sp. nov., a keratin-degrading actinobacterium isolated from bovine manure compost Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, April 1, 2009; 59(4): 828 - 834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. S. Chan, L. Chang, K. L. Rommens, and R. J. Turner Differential Interactions between Tat-Specific Redox Enzyme Peptides and Their Chaperones J. Bacteriol., April 1, 2009; 191(7): 2091 - 2101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Kontkanen, A. Westerholm-Parvinen, M. Saloheimo, M. Bailey, M. Ratto, I. Mattila, M. Mohsina, N. Kalkkinen, T. Nakari-Setala, and J. Buchert Novel Coprinopsis cinerea Polyesterase That Hydrolyzes Cutin and Suberin Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 1, 2009; 75(7): 2148 - 2157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-H. Kim, T. Ebersole, N. Kouprina, V. N. Noskov, J.-I. Ohzeki, H. Masumoto, B. Mravinac, B. A. Sullivan, A. Pavlicek, S. Dovat, et al. Human gamma-satellite DNA maintains open chromatin structure and protects a transgene from epigenetic silencing Genome Res., April 1, 2009; 19(4): 533 - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Burge, D. P. Teufel, F. M. Townsley, S. M. V. Freund, M. Bycroft, and A. R. Fersht Molecular basis of the interactions between the p73 N terminus and p300: Effects on transactivation and modulation by phosphorylation PNAS, March 3, 2009; 106(9): 3142 - 3147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yano, R. Yamagami, K. Misumi, C. Kubota, K. K. Moe, T. Hayashi, K. Yoshitani, O. Ohtake, and N. Misawa Genetic Heterogeneity among Strains of Treponema phagedenis-Like Spirochetes Isolated from Dairy Cattle with Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis in Japan J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2009; 47(3): 727 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Luo, M. Bueno, J. Kant, J. Martinson, and P. Randhawa Genotyping Schemes for Polyomavirus BK, Using Gene-Specific Phylogenetic Trees and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis J. Virol., March 1, 2009; 83(5): 2285 - 2297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Sprote, A. A. Brakhage, and M. J. Hynes Contribution of Peroxisomes to Penicillin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans Eukaryot. Cell, March 1, 2009; 8(3): 421 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Maass, M. A. Fischer, M. Seiler, K. Temmerman, W. Nickel, and M. Seedorf A signal comprising a basic cluster and an amphipathic {alpha}-helix interacts with lipids and is required for the transport of Ist2 to the yeast cortical ER J. Cell Sci., March 1, 2009; 122(5): 625 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Schuette, A. J. Wood, M. Geisler, J. Geisler-Lee, R. Ligrone, and K. S. Renzaglia Novel localization of callose in the spores of Physcomitrella patens and phylogenomics of the callose synthase gene family Ann. Bot., March 1, 2009; 103(5): 749 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Saxton, S. D. Baines, J. Freeman, R. O'Connor, and M. H. Wilcox Effects of Exposure of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotypes 027 and 001 to Fluoroquinolones in a Human Gut Model Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., February 1, 2009; 53(2): 412 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Ito, M. Watanabe-Matsui, K. Igarashi, and K. Murayama Crystal structure of the Bach1 BTB domain and its regulation of homodimerization. Genes Cells, February 1, 2009; 14(2): 167 - 178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G.-d. Zhu, G. Salazar, S. A. Zlatic, B. Fiza, M. M. Doucette, C. J. Heilman, A. I. Levey, V. Faundez, and S. W. L'Hernault SPE-39 Family Proteins Interact with the HOPS Complex and Function in Lysosomal Delivery Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2009; 20(4): 1223 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mahalanabis, P. Jayaraman, T. Miura, F. Pereyra, E. M. Chester, B. Richardson, B. Walker, and N. L. Haigwood Continuous Viral Escape and Selection by Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies in Drug-Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Controllers J. Virol., January 15, 2009; 83(2): 662 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Aniba, S. Siguenza, A. Friedrich, F. Plewniak, O. Poch, A. Marchler-Bauer, and J. D. Thompson Knowledge-based expert systems and a proof-of-concept case study for multiple sequence alignment construction and analysis Brief Bioinform, January 1, 2009; 10(1): 11 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. T. Elliott, I. B. Zhulin, J. A. Stuckey, and V. J. DiRita Conserved Residues in the HAMP Domain Define a New Family of Proposed Bipartite Energy Taxis Receptors J. Bacteriol., January 1, 2009; 191(1): 375 - 387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Mulvenna, B. Hamilton, S. H. Nagaraj, D. Smyth, A. Loukas, and J. J. Gorman Proteomics Analysis of the Excretory/Secretory Component of the Blood-feeding Stage of the Hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum Mol. Cell. Proteomics, January 1, 2009; 8(1): 109 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. L. Winsor, T. Van Rossum, R. Lo, B. Khaira, M. D. Whiteside, R. E. W. Hancock, and F. S. L. Brinkman Pseudomonas Genome Database: facilitating user-friendly, comprehensive comparisons of microbial genomes Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2009; 37(suppl_1): D483 - D488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Andres Leon, I. Ezkurdia, B. Garcia, A. Valencia, and D. Juan EcID. A database for the inference of functional interactions in E. coli Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2009; 37(suppl_1): D629 - D635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Held, B. Penning, A. S. Brandt, S. A. Kessans, W. Yong, S. R. Scofield, and N. C. Carpita Small-interfering RNAs from natural antisense transcripts derived from a cellulose synthase gene modulate cell wall biosynthesis in barley PNAS, December 23, 2008; 105(51): 20534 - 20539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Liu, P. B. Gurpur, and S. J. Kaufman Genetically Determined Proteolytic Cleavage Modulates {alpha}7{beta}1 Integrin Function J. Biol. Chem., December 19, 2008; 283(51): 35668 - 35678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Shi, M. Pineda, E. Ajamian, Q. Cui, A. Matte, and M. Cygler Structure of L-Xylulose-5-Phosphate 3-Epimerase (UlaE) from the Anaerobic L-Ascorbate Utilization Pathway of Escherichia coli: Identification of a Novel Phosphate Binding Motif within a TIM Barrel Fold J. Bacteriol., December 15, 2008; 190(24): 8137 - 8144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Phillips, B. El Yacoubi, B. Lyons, S. Alvarez, D. Iwata-Reuyl, and V. de Crecy-Lagard Biosynthesis of 7-Deazaguanosine-Modified tRNA Nucleosides: a New Role for GTP Cyclohydrolase I J. Bacteriol., December 15, 2008; 190(24): 7876 - 7884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Parkash, V.-M. Leppanen, H. Virtanen, J. M. Jurvansuu, M. M. Bespalov, Y. A. Sidorova, P. Runeberg-Roos, M. Saarma, and A. Goldman The Structure of the Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor-Coreceptor Complex: INSIGHTS INTO RET SIGNALING AND HEPARIN BINDING J. Biol. Chem., December 12, 2008; 283(50): 35164 - 35172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Teng, R. Goto, K. Iida, I. Kojima, and H. Iida Ion-channel blocker sensitivity of voltage-gated calcium-channel homologue Cch1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microbiology, December 1, 2008; 154(12): 3775 - 3781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Robertson, L. G. Palmer, and B. Roux Long-pore Electrostatics in Inward-rectifier Potassium Channels J. Gen. Physiol., December 1, 2008; 132(6): 613 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Symmons, A. Varadi, and T. Aranyi How Segmental Duplications Shape Our Genome: Recent Evolution of ABCC6 and PKD1 Mendelian Disease Genes Mol. Biol. Evol., December 1, 2008; 25(12): 2601 - 2613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Frommolt, S. Werner, H. Paulsen, R. Goss, C. Wilhelm, S. Zauner, U. G. Maier, A. R. Grossman, D. Bhattacharya, and M. Lohr Ancient Recruitment by Chromists of Green Algal Genes Encoding Enzymes for Carotenoid Biosynthesis Mol. Biol. Evol., December 1, 2008; 25(12): 2653 - 2667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Isabel, E. Leblanc, M. Boissinot, D. K. Boudreau, M. Grondin, F. J. Picard, E. A. Martel, N. J. Parham, P. S. G. Chain, D. E. Bader, et al. Divergence among Genes Encoding the Elongation Factor Tu of Yersinia Species J. Bacteriol., November 15, 2008; 190(22): 7548 - 7558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. V. Kus, J. Kelly, L. Tessier, H. Harvey, D. G. Cvitkovitch, and L. L. Burrows Modification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pa5196 Type IV Pilins at Multiple Sites with D-Araf by a Novel GT-C Family Arabinosyltransferase, TfpW J. Bacteriol., November 15, 2008; 190(22): 7464 - 7478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Guardado-Calvo, L. Vazquez-Iglesias, J. Martinez-Costas, A. L. Llamas-Saiz, G. Schoehn, G. C. Fox, X. L. Hermo-Parrado, J. Benavente, and M. J. van Raaij Crystal Structure of the Avian Reovirus Inner Capsid Protein {sigma}A J. Virol., November 15, 2008; 82(22): 11208 - 11216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Mazurie, D. Bonchev, B. Schwikowski, and G. A. Buck Phylogenetic distances are encoded in networks of interacting pathways Bioinformatics, November 15, 2008; 24(22): 2579 - 2585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Pearce, J. Mintseris, J. Ferreyra, S. P. Gygi, and K. H. Darwin Ubiquitin-Like Protein Involved in the Proteasome Pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Science, November 14, 2008; 322(5904): 1104 - 1107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Thein, I. Bunikis, K. Denker, C. Larsson, S. Cutler, M. Drancourt, T. G. Schwan, R. Mentele, F. Lottspeich, S. Bergstrom, et al. Oms38 Is the First Identified Pore-Forming Protein in the Outer Membrane of Relapsing Fever Spirochetes J. Bacteriol., November 1, 2008; 190(21): 7035 - 7042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Nicholls, N. P. Tomkinson, K. E. Wiley, A. Brammall, L. Bowers, C. Grahames, A. Gaw, P. Meghani, P. Shelton, T. J. Wright, et al. Identification of a Putative Intracellular Allosteric Antagonist Binding-Site in the CXC Chemokine Receptors 1 and 2 Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2008; 74(5): 1193 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. G. Scofield and M. Lynch Evolutionary Diversification of the Sm Family of RNA-Associated Proteins Mol. Biol. Evol., November 1, 2008; 25(11): 2255 - 2267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. N. Oliver, J. E. Lunn, E. Urbanczyk-Wochniak, A. Lytovchenko, J. T. van Dongen, B. Faix, E. Schmalzlin, A. R. Fernie, and P. Geigenberger Decreased Expression of Cytosolic Pyruvate Kinase in Potato Tubers Leads to a Decline in Pyruvate Resulting in an in Vivo Repression of the Alternative Oxidase Plant Physiology, November 1, 2008; 148(3): 1640 - 1654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. F. Fricke, M. S. Wright, A. H. Lindell, D. M. Harkins, C. Baker-Austin, J. Ravel, and R. Stepanauskas Insights into the Environmental Resistance Gene Pool from the Genome Sequence of the Multidrug-Resistant Environmental Isolate Escherichia coli SMS-3-5 J. Bacteriol., October 15, 2008; 190(20): 6779 - 6794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-C. Julien, P. Dion, C. Lafreniere, H. Antoun, and P. Drouin Sources of Clostridia in Raw Milk on Farms Appl. Envir. Microbiol., October 15, 2008; 74(20): 6348 - 6357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Fulton, A. McAlister, M. C. J. Wilce, R. Brammananth, L. Zaker-Tabrizi, M. A. Perugini, S. P. Bottomley, R. L. Coppel, P. K. Crellin, J. Rossjohn, et al. Crystal Structure of a UDP-glucose-specific Glycosyltransferase from a Mycobacterium Species J. Biol. Chem., October 10, 2008; 283(41): 27881 - 27890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sharma, K. L. Schneider, and G. G. Presting Sustained retrotransposition is mediated by nucleotide deletions and interelement recombinations PNAS, October 7, 2008; 105(40): 15470 - 15474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Chojnowski and E. L. Braun Turtle isochore structure is intermediate between amphibians and other amniotes Integr. Comp. Biol., October 1, 2008; 48(4): 454 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Ortiz-Soto, M. Rivera, E. Rudino-Pinera, C. Olvera, and A. Lopez-Munguia Selected mutations in Bacillus subtilis levansucrase semi-conserved regions affecting its biochemical properties Protein Eng. Des. Sel., October 1, 2008; 21(10): 589 - 595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. D. MacDonald, A. Knox, and D. Hansen Proteasomal Regulation of the Proliferation vs. Meiotic Entry Decision in the Caenorhabditis elegans Germ Line Genetics, October 1, 2008; 180(2): 905 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Ritchie, S. van Es, C. Fouquet, and P. Schaap From Drought Sensing to Developmental Control: Evolution of Cyclic AMP Signaling in Social Amoebas Mol. Biol. Evol., October 1, 2008; 25(10): 2109 - 2118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. F. Wright, E. E. Schirtzinger, T. Matsumoto, J. R. Eberhard, G. R. Graves, J. J. Sanchez, S. Capelli, H. Muller, J. Scharpegge, G. K. Chambers, et al. A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous Mol. Biol. Evol., October 1, 2008; 25(10): 2141 - 2156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Lozupone, M. Hamady, B. L. Cantarel, P. M. Coutinho, B. Henrissat, J. I. Gordon, and R. Knight The convergence of carbohydrate active gene repertoires in human gut microbes PNAS, September 30, 2008; 105(39): 15076 - 15081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Horowitz Brown, R. Zarnowski, W. C. Sharpee, and N. P. Keller Morphological Transitions Governed by Density Dependence and Lipoxygenase Activity in Aspergillus flavus Appl. Envir. Microbiol., September 15, 2008; 74(18): 5674 - 5685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. T. Beernink, J. A. Welsch, M. Bar-Lev, O. Koeberling, M. Comanducci, and D. M. Granoff Fine Antigenic Specificity and Cooperative Bactericidal Activity of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed at the Meningococcal Vaccine Candidate Factor H-Binding Protein Infect. Immun., September 1, 2008; 76(9): 4232 - 4240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Letek, A. A. Ocampo-Sosa, M. Sanders, U. Fogarty, T. Buckley, D. P. Leadon, P. Gonzalez, M. Scortti, W. G. Meijer, J. Parkhill, et al. Evolution of the Rhodococcus equi vap Pathogenicity Island Seen through Comparison of Host-Associated vapA and vapB Virulence Plasmids J. Bacteriol., September 1, 2008; 190(17): 5797 - 5805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Just, F. Butter, M. Trenkmann, T. Heitkam, M. Morl, and H. Betat A comparative analysis of two conserved motifs in bacterial poly(A) polymerase and CCA-adding enzyme Nucleic Acids Res., September 1, 2008; 36(16): 5212 - 5220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Mustonen, J. Kinney, C. G. Callan Jr, and M. Lassig Energy-dependent fitness: A quantitative model for the evolution of yeast transcription factor binding sites PNAS, August 26, 2008; 105(34): 12376 - 12381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. Grummitt, F. M. Townsley, C. M. Johnson, A. J. Warren, and M. Bycroft Structural Consequences of Nucleophosmin Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia J. Biol. Chem., August 22, 2008; 283(34): 23326 - 23332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Pache, S. Venkataraman, V. S. Reddy, and G. R. Nemerow Structural Variations in Species B Adenovirus Fibers Impact CD46 Association J. Virol., August 15, 2008; 82(16): 7923 - 7931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Land, T. B. Ball, M. Luo, R. Pilon, P. Sandstrom, J. E. Embree, C. Wachihi, J. Kimani, and F. A. Plummer Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Proviral Hypermutation Correlates with CD4 Count in HIV-Infected Women from Kenya J. Virol., August 15, 2008; 82(16): 8172 - 8182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Plante, K. M. Coe, and R. G. Plante Isolation of Surfactant-Resistant Bacteria from Natural, Surfactant-Rich Marine Habitats Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 15, 2008; 74(16): 5093 - 5099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Vanacore, A.-J. L. Ham, J.-P. Cartailler, M. Sundaramoorthy, P. Todd, V. Pedchenko, Y. Sado, D.-B. Borza, and B. G. Hudson A Role for Collagen IV Cross-links in Conferring Immune Privilege to the Goodpasture Autoantigen: STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR THE CRYPTICITY OF B CELL EPITOPES J. Biol. Chem., August 15, 2008; 283(33): 22737 - 22748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Becker, B. Loll, and A. Meinhart Snapshots of the RNA Processing Factor SCAF8 Bound to Different Phosphorylated Forms of the Carboxyl-terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II J. Biol. Chem., August 15, 2008; 283(33): 22659 - 22669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Kiely, J. O'Callaghan, A. Abbas, and F. O'Gara Genetic analysis of genes involved in dipeptide metabolism and cytotoxicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Microbiology, August 1, 2008; 154(8): 2209 - 2218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hadjifrangiskou and T. M. Koehler Intrinsic curvature associated with the coordinately regulated anthrax toxin gene promoters Microbiology, August 1, 2008; 154(8): 2501 - 2512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. H Stolte, A. F de Mazon, K. M Leon-Koosterziel, M. Jesiak, N. R Bury, A. Sturm, H. F J Savelkoul, B M L. V. van Kemenade, and G. Flik Corticosteroid receptors involved in stress regulation in common carp, Cyprinus carpio J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2008; 198(2): 403 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Staropoli and J. A. Branda Cord Formation in a Clinical Isolate of Mycobacterium marinum J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2008; 46(8): 2814 - 2816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Das, Y. Hahn, D. A. Walker, S. Nagata, M. C. Willingham, D. M. Peehl, T. K. Bera, B. Lee, and I. Pastan Topology of NGEP, a Prostate-Specific Cell:Cell Junction Protein Widely Expressed in Many Cancers of Different Grade Level Cancer Res., August 1, 2008; 68(15): 6306 - 6312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bagnoli, M. Moschioni, C. Donati, V. Dimitrovska, I. Ferlenghi, C. Facciotti, A. Muzzi, F. Giusti, C. Emolo, A. Sinisi, et al. A Second Pilus Type in Streptococcus pneumoniae Is Prevalent in Emerging Serotypes and Mediates Adhesion to Host Cells J. Bacteriol., August 1, 2008; 190(15): 5480 - 5492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Hall, K. R. Mitchell, O. Jackson-Weaver, A. S. Kooser, B. R. Cron, L. J. Crossey, and C. D. Takacs-Vesbach Molecular Characterization of the Diversity and Distribution of a Thermal Spring Microbial Community by Using rRNA and Metabolic Genes Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 1, 2008; 74(15): 4910 - 4922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Jung, S. Komatsu, M. Ikebe, and R. Craig Head-Head and Head-Tail Interaction: A General Mechanism for Switching Off Myosin II Activity in Cells Mol. Biol. Cell, August 1, 2008; 19(8): 3234 - 3242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Knies, K. K. Dang, T. J. Vision, N. G. Hoffman, R. Swanstrom, and C. L. Burch Compensatory Evolution in RNA Secondary Structures Increases Substitution Rate Variation among Sites Mol. Biol. Evol., August 1, 2008; 25(8): 1778 - 1787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Deluc, J. Bogs, A. R. Walker, T. Ferrier, A. Decendit, J.-M. Merillon, S. P. Robinson, and F. Barrieu The Transcription Factor VvMYB5b Contributes to the Regulation of Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Developing Grape Berries Plant Physiology, August 1, 2008; 147(4): 2041 - 2053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Puthiyaveetil, T. A. Kavanagh, P. Cain, J. A. Sullivan, C. A. Newell, J. C. Gray, C. Robinson, M. van der Giezen, M. B. Rogers, and J. F. Allen The ancestral symbiont sensor kinase CSK links photosynthesis with gene expression in chloroplasts PNAS, July 22, 2008; 105(29): 10061 - 10066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Stoczko, J.-M. Frere, G. M. Rossolini, and J.-D. Docquier Functional Diversity among Metallo-{beta}-Lactamases: Characterization of the CAR-1 Enzyme of Erwinia carotovora Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2008; 52(7): 2473 - 2479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Sitthidet, J. M. Stevens, N. Chantratita, B. J. Currie, S. J. Peacock, S. Korbsrisate, and M. P. Stevens Prevalence and Sequence Diversity of a Factor Required for Actin-Based Motility in Natural Populations of Burkholderia Species J. Clin. Microbiol., July 1, 2008; 46(7): 2418 - 2422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||