Nucleic Acids Research, 2005, Vol. 33, Database issue D447-D453
© 2005, the authors
Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 33, Database issue © Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved
Ensembl 2005
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and 1 European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL–EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 1223 494420; Fax: +44 1223 494470; Email: birney{at}ebi.ac.uk
Received October 6, 2004; Revised and Accepted November 1, 2004
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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The Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/) project provides a comprehensive and integrated source of annotation of large genome sequences. Over the last year the number of genomes available from the Ensembl site has increased by 7 to 16, with the addition of the six vertebrate genomes of chimpanzee, dog, cow, chicken, tetraodon and frog and the insect genome of honeybee. The majority have been annotated automatically using the Ensembl gene build system, showing its flexibility to reliably annotate a wide variety of genomes. With the increased number of vertebrate genomes, the comparative analysis provided to users has been greatly improved, with new website interfaces allowing annotation of different genomes to be directly compared. The Ensembl software system is being increasingly widely reused in different projects showing the benefits of a completely open approach to software development and distribution.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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Genome sequences provide a natural framework about which to organize biological data. In the few years in which they have been available, genome databases have proved invaluable resources to researchers. Ensembl provides one of the most popular sources of automatic analysis and integration of large genome sequence data. It now contains 16 genomes, 7 of which have been added during the last year. These include 11 vertebrates: human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, dog, cow, chicken, fugu, zebrafish, tetraodon and frog; two worms: Caenorhabditis briggsae and Caenorhabditis elegans; and three insects: fruitfly, mosquito and honeybee.
Ensembl provides access to these data in a variety of ways to suit different audiences and types of use. The largest number of researchers use the Ensembl website (http://www.ensembl.org/) and can rapidly locate individual items of interest either by entering keywords or from the built-in sequence similarity search interface. For cases where researchers are working with large groups of items, such as all of a particular class of genes, Ensembl provides a web-based data-mining interface called EnsMart as an alternative to browsing individual web pages. For bioinformaticians, Ensembl provides access to all the data behind the Ensembl website both as downloadable datasets and via direct access to databases containing that data which are hosted on the Ensembl site (access using mysql to ensembldb.ensembl.org, user anonymous). The complete software system for manipulating and storing genome information that has been created by the project is also freely available with source code for all to use.
This paper briefly outlines some of the main developments of the Ensembl project since the report last year (1) and their relevance to researchers. For information about new features and data contained in the monthly updates of Ensembl, researchers are recommended to read the ‘what's new’ pages accompanying every release. For more detailed information about Ensembl, researchers are referred to the series of papers published last year that describe both technical aspects of the software implementation and the scientific aspects of the genome annotation system (2–11).
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GENE ANNOTATION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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A core part of Ensembl is its automatic gene build system, which is used to consistently annotate genomes for which there is no curated geneset. The genome sequences of human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, chicken, fugu, zebrafish, C.briggsae, mosquito and honeybee have been annotated in this way. Annotation of the newest genomes, dog, cow and frog, is in progress. The exceptions are fruitfly [annotation imported from flybase (12)], C.elegans [annotation imported from wormbase (13)] and tetraodon (annotation provided by Genoscope). Ensembl genesets have formed the basis for the initial analysis and publication of most vertebrate genomes. During the last year, the rat (14), C.briggsae (15) and chicken (16) genomes have been published.
Full descriptions of the gene build system (7) and the genewise family of algorithms that it uses (8) have recently been published. Briefly, the system is mainly based on building gene models from initial alignments of protein and cDNA sequences to a genome sequence. Where a genome has limited species-specific cDNA data, the number of genes in the geneset will reflect the number of homologous cDNAs from other related organisms that can be aligned. Where expressed sequence tag (EST) collections are thought to contain a significant number of artefact sequences, they are considered a less reliable source of evidence for gene structures and so separate gene builds are created from them (9). Where ESTs have been generated by a small number of groups and are thought to be of consistent quality they are used in the main gene build, but gene models are only built from them if there is no other evidence. This approach has been used in the chicken and honeybee gene builds.
Over the year, the flexibility of the gene build system has been exploited to create genesets for genomes such as zebrafish, honeybee and chicken, which have varied amounts of species-specific cDNA data. Of these three gene builds, the most difficult one has been for honeybee, which is evolutionarily very distant from other sequenced organisms. Zebrafish and chicken gene builds are much more complete, being evolutionarily closer to other sequenced vertebrates. Experimental validation of a randomly selected sample of gene models from the geneset made for the chicken genome (17) shows a low false positive rate of 
4% (Eyras et al., submitted for publication). As cDNA resources for these genomes increase, it is fully expected that the number of genes in their genesets will increase until it is similar to those of comparable organisms.
As the genome sequence of human has been finished, genesets for individual chromosomes have been manually curated and published [for a review see (18)]. Ensembl is part of a new international collaboration to refine the human geneset involving the Havana group (19) [which provides most of the curated annotation in the Vega database (20)], the NCBI groups [that curate RefSeq (21) and generate automatic gene builds], the UCSC browser group (22) and Uniprot (23). The aim is to resolve transcript sequence differences and generate and maintain a set of human genes with stable identifiers, where the CDS part of the gene structure can be agreed between all groups. The process of comparison of genesets has proved very fruitful and is leading to improved automatic gene building methods for both the Ensembl and NCBI. It is anticipated that this agreed geneset will progressively increase in size as the entire human genome is fully curated. The current Ensembl human gene build is already benefiting from this comparison, as where the CDS part of a Vega curated transcript or Ensembl transcript and a NCBI transcript agree perfectly and are complete (from ATG to stop codon), these propagate automatically into the next Ensembl geneset.
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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A major ongoing focus of the Ensembl project is to increase the integration between genomes through comparative analysis. Ensembl currently contains three types of similarity information: (i) Ensembl family entries (ENSF identifiers) cluster Ensembl peptides across all annotated genomes together with UniProt metazoan entries on the basis of protein similarity. (ii) Pairwise DNA similarity alignments are stored for each groups of genomes that can be aligned (i.e. vertebrates, insects and worms). These alignments are either generated locally using BLASTZ (24) and a variety of other algorithms or are imported BLASTZ alignments downloaded from the UCSC (22). These alignments are also grouped to generate large-scale synteny blocks. (3) Putative orthologues relationships are stored across all annotated genomes, generated using automatic algorithms that take into account transcript similarity (seeded using the widely used reciprocal best match approach) and synteny. During the year the amount of comparative data provided by Ensembl has grown considerably, both from the increase in the number of vertebrate genomes and the development of a computation pipeline to generate these data more rapidly. For example, alignment data for almost all possible pairwise DNA similarity comparisons is now available.
The most prominent addition to the website is multicontigview (Figure 1), which allows regions of genome sequence from multiple species to be viewed aligned to each other, something that was previously only possible using the external Apollo java browser (25). As well as making these alignments accessible to a wider audience, multicontigview allows the alignment of as many genomes as desired and is able to show in a single display both DNA similarity and putative orthologue relationships. Multicontigview is complementary to the display of regions of conservation in contigview. Whereas the latter is useful to identify important regions in a single genome, multicontigview allows researchers to compare annotation between genomes to look for places where annotation may be missing.
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With a comprehensive set of comparative data now available, links to comparative data views have been added throughout the Ensembl website. For example, in geneview, putative orthologues are listed in all other organisms and links are provided to a multicontigview display showing putative orthologues, aligned across genome sequence and to alignview showing alignments of homologous transcripts.
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ENSEMBL WEBSITE |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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As well as the major new website view multicontigview discussed above, the core web code has also been substantially rewritten to make it a more modular set of software components and thereby improve its flexibility (4). This has allowed new data views to be constructed quickly in response to user requests, such as genesnpview (Figure 2), which shows information about single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for a single gene at genome, transcript and translation level in a single page. All of the data on genesnpview is available on other web pages, but researchers working in detail on individual genes have found it very convenient to have a single web page containing everything relating to the genome variation around a single gene structure. The Ensembl website has a large number of different data ‘views’ and to make it easier for users to discover and explore them, the revamped sitemap page (http://www.ensembl.org/sitemap/) provides links to each of them with example entry points that are auto generated to ensure they continue to work when the underlying genome data is updated. The sitemap pages for each species only show the ‘views’ that are available for a particular genome, for example there is no mapview for fugu as the genome sequence is currently available only as a set of unmapped fragments that have not been positioned on chromosomes.
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There is far more biological data that can be displayed as features on genomic coordinates than it is practical to import into core Ensembl databases. For example, laboratories around the world are generating large amounts of sequence data that can be aligned to a reference genome and both experimentalists and bioinformaticians are generating annotation of features in promoters. Rather than centralize the integration of these data, we have enabled Ensembl with the DAS (distributed annotation system) (26) to allow researchers to view data of their choice in the context of the annotation provided by Ensembl. This might be data they have generated themselves, but it can also be third-party data. DAS enabled viewers such as Ensembl contigview can be configured to display data from any DAS server as an extra track on the display. Users can configure this using the DAS menu of contigview. In cases where researchers have data that they wish to display, but do not want to setup their own DAS server, they can also upload their data in a simple flat file format into the Ensembl DAS server using the same menu.
During the year DAS support has been extended. DAS sources can now also be attached to protview, allowing external annotation on protein sequences to be displayed just as it can be on genomic coordinates in contigview. Ensembl has also recently extended the DAS specification to add a new DAS data type based on identifiers (such as gene names, Uniprot identifiers, etc.) rather than coordinates, referred to as geneDAS. This allows textual annotation such as descriptions from UniProt (23) and InterPro (27) and references from pubmed to be added via DAS to geneview and protview pages.
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ENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTURE |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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The Ensembl software system provides an efficient way of representing genome data in a relational database and providing access to it via an object-oriented application programming interface (API) (3). This API is used by computational pipelines (5) to generate and store genome annotation. The API is also used by the website (4) and EnsMart data-mining system (11) to provide researchers with access to the database. Bioinformaticans can use the API to access ensembl databases remotely (from ensembldb.ensembl.org) or local databases containing their own data.
The database representation and API are being continuously developed to address bottlenecks affecting website and pipeline performance and increase flexibility. For example, during the year there was a substantial change to the database schema to make it easier to support multiple haplotype sequences and different genome assemblies. These features have been used to handle the pseudoautosomal regions shared between the human X and Y chromosome and the alternative MHC haplotype sequence on human chromosome 6. The API was also extended to provide support for generic mapping operations between genome assemblies that were previously carried out in external software. This should make it easier to transfer and compare gene annotation across genome assemblies, which should in turn lead to better stability of gene stable identifiers for users. Efforts have also been made to increase the degree of automation of processes such as gene building and comparative analysis by extending the pipeline system. This automation is essential to allow Ensembl to scale to the increasing number of vertebrate genomes, but also makes it easier for others to adopt Ensembl technology.
As part of the development of the software infrastructure to support comparative analysis, a rationalization of the database structure has been carried out, so that all inter-genome data is contained in a single database, ensembl-compara. The availability of the this database for download as well as external access (ensembldb.ensembl.org), alongside the core annotation databases for each organism, provides a rich source of structured and pre-calculated data that can be used as a starting point for many comparative genome bioformatics projects. APIs to ensembl-compara are provided in Perl and Java from Ensembl and as well as through BioJava (28).
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REUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWARE |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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Ensembl has developed a strong network of bioinformatician users in both academia and industry and Ensembl software is being installed both to mirror Ensembl generated data and used as a software foundation for user projects. For example, NASC, the European Arabidopsis stock centre, has set up an Ensembl browser for the Arabidopsis genome (http://atensembl.arabidopsis.info/); the Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory in Singapore is using Ensembl to both generate and display annotation for two Ciona genomes savingyi and intestinalis (http://www2.bioinformatics.tll.org.sg/) and a researcher at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics has setup an Ensembl browser for the cotton pathogen Ashbya gossypii genome (http://agd.unibas.ch/).
Ensembl technology is also being extensively reused at the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus to support other projects. At the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) the EnsMart data-mining system has been spun out into a separate project (BioMart; http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biomart/) to enable it to provide data-mining front ends to a variety of databases [e.g. Uniprot and the Macromolecular Structure Database (MSD)] and allow chained data-mining queries between them. At the Sanger Institute, both the Vega (Vertebrate Genome Annotation Database, http://vega.sanger.ac.uk/) (10,20) and Glovar (Global Variation Database, http://www.glovar.org/) projects are reusing parts of the Ensembl system for databases and web front ends. The Epigenomics Consortium (29) (http://www.epigenome.org/) has built a viewer based on Ensembl web drawing code and DAS sources (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/PostGenomics/epigenome/). DECIPHER (DatabasE of Chromosomal Imbalance and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources) and other projects are starting to embed images of karyotypes, gene regions etc. into their web pages, which are generated dynamically from Ensembl databases or DAS sources using Ensembl drawing code.
In a world with a plethora of databases, these examples of reuse should be a positive trend both for researchers and bioinformaticians. Not only can bioinformaticians develop interfaces to new data faster through software reuse, but researchers using websites built from common components are more likely to already be familiar with the interface from other sites. Similarly, using DAS servers to reuse existing data when presenting it in new ways should improve data consistency for researchers, since the data remain in a single location and when it is updated the view in all interfaces built upon it changes simultaneously.
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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Ensembl remains focused on providing an integrated dataset and website covering all vertebrate genomes and a genome information infrastructure of use to many researchers. It continues to be a challenge to evolve the system to handle and represent the ever increasing number of genomes. In particular over the next year, a number of low coverage whole genome shotgun vertebrate genomes are expected. Development of comparative genome analysis will continue to be a major focus. For example, the present pairwise storage of genome comparisons will not scale well to the expected number of new genomes, so new ways to calculate and represent the data are being developed. Finally, with the anticipated completion of the human HapMap project a further rich source of variation data will become available, which Ensembl will integrate.
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CONTACTING ENSEMBL |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONGENE ANNOTATIONCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISENSEMBL WEBSITEENSEMBL INFRASTRUCTUREREUSING ENSEMBL SOFTWAREFUTURE DIRECTIONSCONTACTING ENSEMBLREFERENCES |
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Ensembl is a joint project of the EBI and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (WTSI), both of which are located on the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK. To receive announcements about updates, subscribe to the ‘announce’ mailing list: majordomo{at}ebi.ac.uk ‘subscribe ensembl-announce’. To follow the day-to-day development of Ensembl, subscribe to the ‘development’ mailing list: majordomo{at}ebi.ac.uk ‘subscribe ensembl-dev’. Requests for information and support can be sent to helpdesk{at}ensembl.org, which is a fully supported helpdesk. Extensive additional documentation can be found on the Ensembl website, including installation guides and tutorials, both about using the software system and the web interface.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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The Ensembl project is principally funded by the Wellcome Trust with additional funding from EMBL, NIH-NIAID and BBSRC. We are grateful to users of our website and the developers on our mailing lists for much useful feedback and discussion.
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Notes |
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The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use permissions, please contact journals.permissions{at}oupjournals.org.© 2005, the authors
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C. J. Mungall, D. B. Emmert, and The FlyBase Consortium A Chado case study: an ontology-based modular schema for representing genome-associated biological information Bioinformatics, July 1, 2007; 23(13): i337 - i346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Osato, Y. Suzuki, K. Ikeo, and T. Gojobori Transcriptional Interferences in cis Natural Antisense Transcripts of Humans and Mice Genetics, June 1, 2007; 176(2): 1299 - 1306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Semon and K. H. Wolfe Rearrangement Rate following the Whole-Genome Duplication in Teleosts Mol. Biol. Evol., March 1, 2007; 24(3): 860 - 867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Karro, Y. Yan, D. Zheng, Z. Zhang, N. Carriero, P. Cayting, P. Harrrison, and M. Gerstein Pseudogene.org: a comprehensive database and comparison platform for pseudogene annotation Nucleic Acids Res., January 12, 2007; 35(suppl_1): D55 - D60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Rissone, M. Monopoli, M. Beltrame, F. Bussolino, F. Cotelli, and M. Arese Comparative Genome Analysis of the Neurexin Gene Family in Danio rerio: Insights into Their Functions and Evolution Mol. Biol. Evol., January 1, 2007; 24(1): 236 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Zhang, C. J. Martyniuk, and V. L. Trudeau SANTA domain: a novel conserved protein module in Eukaryota with potential involvement in chromatin regulation Bioinformatics, October 15, 2006; 22(20): 2459 - 2462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Eddy and N. Maizels Gene function correlates with potential for G4 DNA formation in the human genome Nucleic Acids Res., September 1, 2006; 34(14): 3887 - 3896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Greenman, R. Wooster, P. A. Futreal, M. R. Stratton, and D. F. Easton Statistical Analysis of Pathogenicity of Somatic Mutations in Cancer Genetics, August 1, 2006; 173(4): 2187 - 2198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Ezawa, S. OOta, and N. Saitou Genome-Wide Search of Gene Conversions in Duplicated Genes of Mouse and Rat Mol. Biol. Evol., May 1, 2006; 23(5): 927 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pellegrini-Calace and A. Tramontano Identification of a novel putative mitogen-activated kinase cascade on human chromosome 21 by computational approaches Bioinformatics, April 1, 2006; 22(7): 775 - 778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Kim, D. Lim, S. Lee, and H. Kim ASePCR: alternative splicing electronic RT-PCR in multiple tissues and organs Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2005; 33(suppl_2): W681 - W685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Aranyi, M. Ratajewski, V. Bardoczy, L. Pulaski, A. Bors, A. Tordai, and A. Varadi Identification of a DNA Methylation-dependent Activator Sequence in the Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Gene, ABCC6 J. Biol. Chem., May 13, 2005; 280(19): 18643 - 18650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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