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Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access originally published online on February 13, 2008
Nucleic Acids Research 2008 36(6):1952-1964; doi:10.1093/nar/gkm927
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Nucleic Acids Research, 2008, Vol. 36, No. 6 1952-1964
© 2008 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Chemistry

‘Protected DNA Probes’ capable of strong hybridization without removal of base protecting groups

Akihiro Ohkubo1,2, Rintaro Kasuya1,2, Kazushi Sakamoto1, Kenichi Miyata1,2, Haruhiko Taguchi1,2, Hiroshi Nagasawa3, Toshifumi Tsukahara4, Takuma Watanobe5, Yoshiyuki Maki5, Kohji Seio1,2 and Mitsuo Sekine1,3,*

1Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, 2CREST, JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, 3New Product Development Department, Sonac Incorporated, 1-5-1 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, 4Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa 923-1292 and 5Genosys Division, Sigma-Aldrich Japan, Ishikari 061-3241, Japan

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 45 924 5706; Fax: +81 45 924 5772; Email: msekine{at}bio.titech.ac.jp

Received September 6, 2007. Revised October 9, 2007. Accepted October 10, 2007.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 REFERENCES
 
We propose a new strategy called the ‘Protected DNA Probes (PDP) method’ in which appropriately protected bases selectively bind to the complementary bases without the removal of their base protecting groups. Previously, we reported that 4-N-acetylcytosine oligonucleotides (ac4C) exhibited a higher hybridization affinity for ssDNA than the unmodified oligonucleotides. For the PDP strategy, we created a modified adenine base and synthesized an N-acylated deoxyadenosine mimic having 6-N-acetyl-8-aza-7-deazaadenine (ac6az8c7A). It was found that PDP containing ac4C and ac6az8c7A exhibited higher affinity for the complementary ssDNA than the corresponding unmodified DNA probes and showed similar base recognition ability. Moreover, it should be noted that this PDP strategy could guarantee highly efficient synthesis of DNA probes on controlled pore glass (CPG) with high purity and thereby could eliminate the time-consuming procedures for isolating DNA probes. This strategy could also avoid undesired base-mediated elimination of DNA probes from CPG under basic conditions such as concentrated ammonia solution prescribed for removal of base protecting groups in the previous standard approach. Here, several successful applications of this strategy to single nucleotide polymorphism detection are also described in detail using PDPs immobilized on glass plates and those prepared on CPG plates, suggesting its potential usefulness.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 REFERENCES
 
Until date, a number of artificial oligonucleotides (1–6) containing functional groups have been reported as powerful tools for the suppression of specific genes (7–11), the exhaustive analysis of gene expression (12,13), and the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (14–17). However, when the standard phosphoramidite approach was used for these syntheses, base-labile functional groups could not be incorporated into DNA derivatives since ammonia treatment was required for removal of the base protecting groups and for release of DNA oligomers from the polymer supports (18). For example, RNA oligomers having 2'-substituents such as acyloxymethyl or acylthiomethyl that can be hydrolyzed by esterases in cells, are very labile in concentrated ammonia solution although these RNA oligomers are expected to act as RNA interference drugs (19). Similarly, oligonucleotide derivatives having an N-acyl type substituent on dC (20,21), dA and dG (22) could not be synthesized. Therefore, for the development of such highly functionalized oligonucleotides, a new synthetic strategy should be explored, which does not include the problematic aqueous ammonia treatment. This strategy should be more important in DNA chip chemistry. Namely, a similar problem on the base-lability of the Si–O bond in linkers of DNA chips/microarrays has also arisen in the on-chip synthesis of oligonucleotide probes on glass plates (23,24). This is because most of the DNA oligomers were eliminated from the slide glasses by treatment with concentrated ammonia solution. The best density of DNA probes on glass plates must be controlled by a two-step procedure involving the on-chip synthesis of DNA probes and the ammonia-mediated elimination of the once-immobilized DNA probes. This two-step regulation increases a greater risk in the stable supply of DNA chips with constant probe density (25).

Therefore, our concern was focused on a unique method using N-unprotected deoxynucleoside 3'-phosphoramidite derivatives without base protection that does not require the ammonia treatment. In 1991, Gryaznov and Letsinger (26) first reported a phosphoramidite method without base protection. We have recently developed a new method, i.e. the activated phosphite method (27,28) for the synthesis of natural-type unmodified oligodeoxynucleotides using hydroxybenzotriazole derivatives as activators. This strategy enabled us to obtain oligodeoxynucleotides without treatment with concentrated ammonia solution. In fact, DNA oligomers containing base-labile functional groups have been efficiently synthesized without decomposition (28) using silyl linkers (29) that can be cleaved under mild conditions of Bu4NF in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The activated phosphite method may also be useful in the on-chip synthesis of DNA chips without use of the concentrated ammonia treatment.

For general use, however, the activated phosphite method incurs a minor problem in that the conditions for the conventional phosphoramidite protocols using DNA synthesizers should be modified to those optimized for this strategy. Therefore, we considered another new concept where the problematic concentrated ammonia treatment should be eliminated without changing the conventional phosphoramidite protocols so that such a method might be more useful for wider application.

In this paper, we propose a different strategy to eliminate the problematic concentrated ammonia treatment using adenine and cytosine analogs having an acyl group on their amino groups in place of the corresponding N-free natural nucleobases. The N-acylated adenine and cytosine analogs were designed in such a manner that the acyl groups can not only work as the protecting groups during the oligonucleotide synthesis but can also preserve the sites of Watson–Crick base pairing of these modified bases with thymine and guanine, respectively, even without removal of the acyl groups. To examine the possibility of our protected DNA probes (PDP) strategy, we used 4-N-acetylcytosine (ac4C) and 6-N-acylated adenine derivatives, as shown in Figure 1.


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1. Schematic representation of the PDP method.

 
Since the base protecting groups of T and G have proved to be unnecessary in the usual phosphoramidite approach (26–28), they can be used in our strategy without base protection.

We chose ac4C since it has already been reported by us that the acetyl group of ac4C serves not only as the protecting group in DNA synthesis but also as a functional group that can increase hybridization affinity and have similar base recognition ability of the cytosine base (20,21). It has also been revealed that the acetyl group of 4-N-acetyldeoxycytidine is oriented to the 5-vinyl hydrogen via a unique hydrogen bond between the 5-proton and the carbonyl oxygen, and the acetyl group does not interfere with the formation of the base pair with G.

In this paper, we report an adenine mimic having an amino protecting group capable of formation of stable hydrogen bonds with thymine and also describe the high throughput synthesis and promising hybridization and base-recognition properties of the PDP incorporating such N-acylated adenine mimics.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 REFERENCES
 
General remarks
1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectra were recorded at 270, 68 and 109 MHz, respectively. The chemical shifts were measured from tetramethylsilane for 1H NMR spectra, CDCl3 (77 p.p.m.) for 13C NMR spectra and 85% phosphoric acid (0 p.p.m.) for 31P NMR spectra. UV spectra were recorded on a U-2000 spectrometer. Column chromatography was performed with silica gel C-200 purchased from Wako Co. Ltd, and a minipump for a goldfish bowl was conveniently used to attain sufficient pressure for rapid chromatographic separation. The SNPs detection was performed by using Perkin Elmer ScanArray 5000 system or Olympus fluorescence microscopy system BX-FLA with ORCA IEEE1394 (Hamamatsu photonics). The fluorescence images were analysed by using QuantArray ver 3.0 (GSI Lumonics) or Hamamatsu photonics AQUA-Lite. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using the following systems: reversed-exchange HPLC was done on a Waters Aliance system with a Waters 3D UV detector and an Waters XTerra MS C18 column (4.6x150 mm); a linear gradient (0–30%) of solvent I [0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.0)] in solvent II (CH3CN) was used at 50°C at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min for 30 min; anion-exchange HPLC was done on a Shimadzu LC-10 AD VP with a Shimadzu 3D UV detector and a Gen-PakTM FAX column (Waters, 4.6x100 mm); a linear gradient (10–67%) of Solvent III [1 M NaCl in 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0)] in solvent IV [25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0)] was used at 50°C at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min for 40 min. ESI mass was performed by use of MarinerTM (PerSeptive Biosystems Inc.). MALDI-TOF mass was performed by using Bruker Daltonics [Matrix: 3-hydoroxypicolinic acid (100 mg/ml) in H2O—diammoniumhydrogen citrate (100 mg/ml) in H2O (10 : 1, v/v)]. Highly cross-linked polystyrene (HCP) was purchased from ABI. Porous glass was prepared according to our previous method (30) and cut by 1 mm thickness to obtaine disc-type CPG plates. Fluorescein, T or ac4-dC phosphoramidite units were purchased from Glen Research. The N-unprotected dG phosphoramidite unit was prepared by deprotection of the corresponding N-isobutyryl-dG phosphoramidite unit.

Synthesis of 6-N-acetyl-5'-O-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethyl]-2'-deoxyadenosine 3'-[2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite] 3
Compound 2 (753 mg, 1 mmol) was rendered anhydrous by repeated coevaporation with dry CH3CN (3 mlx3) and dissolved in dry THF (10 ml). To the mixture was added EtNiPr2 (608 µl, 4.4 mmol) and AcCl (157 µl, 2.2 mmol). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, H2O (2 ml) was added to the mixture. After being stirred at room temperature for 10 min, the mixture was partitioned between CHCl3 (100 ml) and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was collected, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. Pyridine (5 ml) and 28% ammonia solution (5 ml) were added to the residue. After being stirred at room temperature for 10 min, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a column of silica gel (20 g) with hexane-CHCl3 (70 : 30–0 : 100, v/v) containing 1% Et3N to give the fractions containing 3. The fractions were collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was finally evaporated by repeated coevaporation three times each with toluene and CHCl3 to remove the last traces of pyridine to give 3 (516 mg, 65%): 1H NMR (CDCl3) 1.01–1.10 (m, 12 H), 2.36 (t, 1H, J=6.3 Hz), 2.47–2.52 (m, 5H), 2.84–2.89 (m, 1H), 3.26–3.67 (m, 12H), 4.21 (d, 1H, J=3.2 Hz), 4.70 (t, 1H, J=3.2 Hz), 6.34 (d, 1H, J=3.5 Hz), 6.66 (2d, 4H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.05–7.30 (m, 9H), 8.16 (d, 1H, J=5.1 Hz), 8.52 (s, 1H), 9.46 (brs, 1H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 19.9, 20.05 20.11, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4, 24.5, 25.4, 38.9, 39.0, 42.9, 43.1, 54.9, 55.0, 57.9, 58.0, 58.2, 58.3, 63.0, 63.2, 73.0, 73.2, 73.7, 84.5, 84.6, 85.7, 85.8, 86.2, 112.9, 117.3, 117.4, 122.2, 123.5, 126.1, 126.6, 127.9, 129.8, 135.4, 141.8, 144.3, 149.6, 150.8, 151.9, 158.3, 170.6. 31P NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 149.2, 149.4. HRMS (ESI) m/z (M+H) calcd for C42H51N7O7P+: 796.3587; found: 796.3591.

Synthesis of 6-N-acetyl-5'-O-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine 9
Compound 8 (1.4 g, 2.5 mmol) was rendered anhydrous by repeated coevaporation with dry pyridine (3 mlx3) and dissolved in dry pyridine (25 ml). To the mixture was added TMSCl (531 µl, 7.5 mmol). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, AcCl (935 µl, 7.5 mmol) was added to the mixture. After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h, 28% ammonia solution (12 ml) was added to the mixture. After being stirred at room temperature for 10 min, the mixture was partitioned between CHCl3 (150 ml) and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was collected, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a column of silica gel (20 g) with hexane-CHCl3 (50 : 50–0 : 100, v/v) containing 1% pyridine and then CHCl3-MeOH (100 : 0–97 : 3, v/v) containing 1% pyridine to give the fractions containing 9. The fractions were collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was finally evaporated by repeated coevaporation three times each with toluene and CHCl3 to remove the last traces of pyridine to give compound 9 (1.4 g, 95%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.39–2.59 (m, 2H), 3.33–3.39 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 6H), 4.05 (d, 1H, J=4.1 Hz), 4.57–4.61 (m, 1H), 5.56 (brs, 2H), 6.77 (d, 4H, J=8.6 Hz), 6.86 (d, 1H, J=4.1 Hz), 7.05–7.34 (m, 10H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.63 (brs, 1H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 24.6, 40.4, 55.2, 63.9, 72.7, 77.2, 83.1, 85.2, 86.6, 108.6, 113.2, 123.5, 126.9, 127.9, 128.1, 130.0, 135.6, 135.7, 144.5, 149.9, 150.3, 158.5. HRMS (ESI) m/z (M+H) calcd for C34H35N4O6+: 595.2557; found: 595.2551.

Synthesis of 6-N-acetyl-5'-O-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine 3'-[2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite] 10
Compound 9 (1.4 g, 2.4 mmol) was rendered anhydrous by repeated coevaporation with dry CH3CN (3 mlx3) and dissolved in dry CH2Cl2 (20 ml). To the mixture was added ethyldiisopropylamine (575 µl, 3.5 mmol) and 2-cyanoethoxy[N,N-di(1-metylethyl)amino]chlorophosphine (571 µl, 2.6 mmol). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, water (5 ml) was added to the mixture. After being stirred at room temperature for 10 min, the mixture was partitioned between CHCl3 (100 ml) and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was collected, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a column of silica gel (20 g) with hexane-CHCl3 (50 : 50–0 : 100, v/v) containing 1% Et3N and then CHCl3-MeOH (100 : 0–97 : 3, v/v) containing 1% Et3N to give the fractions containing 10. The fractions were collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was finally evaporated by repeated coevaporation three times each with toluene and CHCl3 to remove the last traces of pyridine to give compound 10 (1.7 g, 91%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 1.01–1.12 (m, 12 H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.36 (t, 1H, J=3.8 Hz), 2.49–2.54 (m, 3H), 3.23–3.27 (m, 2H), 3.50–3.70 (m, 10H), 4.14–4.18 (m, 1H), 4.57–4.72 (m, 1H), 6.77 (d, 4H, J=8.9 Hz), 6.81 (d, 1H, J=3.2 Hz), 7.10–7.36 (m, 10H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 9.37 (brs, 1H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 22.8, 24.5, 24.6, 24.7, 29.7, 39.8, 43.1, 43.3, 55.2, 58.1, 58.2, 58.4, 58.5, 63.4, 63.6, 68.3, 73.3, 73.6, 73.9, 74.2, 77.3, 83.9, 84.9, 85.0, 85.1, 85.2, 86.4, 104.2, 109.0, 113.1, 117.4, 117.5, 123.7, 126.9, 127.8, 128.2, 130.1, 130.5, 135.7, 144.6, 150.2, 152.8, 158.5, 169.0. 31P NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 149.2, 149.4. HRMS (ESI) m/z (M+H) calcd for C43H51N6O7P+: 795.3635; found: 795.3621.

Synthesis of 8-aza-5'-O-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine 12
Compound 11 (6.0 g, 5.1 mmol) was dissolved in saturated NH3/MeOH (60 ml). The reaction vessel was sealed. After being stirred at 60°C for 3 days, the mixture was cooled and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 ml) and water (50 ml). The aqueous phase was collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was rendered anhydrous by repeated coevaporation with dry pyridine (x3) and dissolved in dry pyridine (40 ml). To the mixture was successively added Et3N (710 µl, 5.1 mmol), CHCl2COOH (420 µl, 5.1 mmol) and DMTrCl (2.6 g, 7.7 mmol). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h, water (5 ml) was added to the mixture. After being stirred at room temperature for 5 min, the mixture was partitioned between CHCl3 (200 ml) and brine (150 ml). The organic phase was collected, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a column of silica gel (30 g) with hexane-CHCl3 (50 : 50–0 : 100, v/v) containing 1% pyridine and then CHCl3-MeOH (100 : 0–97 : 3, v/v) containing 1% pyridine to give the fractions containing 12. The fractions were collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was finally evaporated by repeated coevaporation three times each with toluene and CHCl3 to remove the last traces of pyridine to give compound 12 (2.2 g, 78%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 2.35–2.49 (m, 1H), 3.02–3.11 (m, 1H), 3.22 (dd, 1H, J=6.2 Hz, J=9.2 Hz), 3.32 (dd, 1H, J=5.1 Hz, J=9.7 Hz), 3.79 (s, 6H), 4.03 (dd, 1H, J=5.1 Hz, J=11.1 Hz), 4.86 (dd,1H, J=6.1 Hz, J=11.5 Hz), 5.55 (brs, 2H), 6.73 (d, 4H, J=8.1 Hz), 6.76–6.83 (m, 1H), 7.16–7.34 (m, 9H), 7.39 (d, 2H, J=1.6 Hz), 7.82 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 21.2, 38.0, 54.9, 64.2, 72.3, 77.2, 84.0, 85.6, 86.0, 100.9, 112.8, 123.8, 125.1, 126.5, 127.5, 127.6, 127.7, 128.0, 128.0, 129.0, 129.9, 132.0, 135.9, 136.3, 144.7, 149.0, 153.8, 155.3, 157.4, 158.1, 158.2. {delta} 158.3. 149.2, 149.4. HRMS (ESI) m/z (M+Na) calcd for C31H31N5NaO5+: 576.2223; found: 576.2275.

Synthesis of 6-N-acetyl-8-aza-5'-O-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine 13
Compound 12 (2.0 g, 3.6 mmol) was rendered anhydrous by repeated coevaporation with dry pyridine (3 mlx3) and dissolved in dry pyridine (36 ml). To the mixture was added TMSCl (1.4 ml, 11.0 mmol). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, AcCl (765 µl, 11.0 mmol) was added to the mixture. After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h, conc. NH3 (12 ml) was added to the mixture. After being stirred at room temperature for 10 min, the mixture was partitioned between CHCl3 (150 ml) and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was collected, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a column of silica gel (30 g) with hexane-CHCl3 (50 : 50–0 : 100, v/v) containing 1% pyridine and then CHCl3-MeOH (100 : 0–97 : 3, v/v) containing 1% pyridine to give the fractions containing 13. The fractions were collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was finally evaporated by repeated coevaporation three times each with toluene and CHCl3 to remove the last traces of pyridine to give compound 13 (2.2 g, 62%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.38–2.48 (m, 1H), 3.01–3.10 (m, 1H), 3.20–3.35 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 6H), 4.06 (dd, 1H, J=5.1 Hz, J=11.3 Hz), 4.84 (m, 1H), 6.72–6.83 (m, 5H), 7.15–7.35 (m, 9H), 7.36 (d, 2H, J=6.48 Hz), 8.22 (s, 1H), 8.56–8.65 (s, 2H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 24.6, 38.1, 55.2, 55.3, 64.2, 73.2, 77.2, 84.0, 85.3, 86.3, 104.2, 113.0, 113.1, 126.6, 127.6, 127.7, 128.0, 129.0, 129.9, 135.9, 137.3, 139.3, 144.6, 151.0, 154.4, 155.3, 158.2. HRMS (ESI) m/z (M+Na) calcd for C33H33N5NaO6+: 618.2329; found: 618.2329.

Synthesis of 6-N-acetyl-8-aza-5'-O-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine 3'-[2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite] 14
Compound 13 (1.2 g, 2.0 mmol) was rendered anhydrous by repeated coevaporation with dry CH3CN (3mlx3) and dissolved in dry CH2Cl2 (20 ml). To the mixture was added diisopropylamine (170 µl, 1.2 mmol), 2-cyanoethoxy[N,N-di(1-metylethyl)amino]chlorophosphine (760 µl, 2.4 mmol) and 1-H-tetrazole (84 mg, 1.2 mmol). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, water (5 ml) was added to the mixture. After being stirred at room temperature for 10 min, the mixture was partitioned between CHCl3 (100 ml) and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was collected, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a column of silica gel (30 g) with hexane-CHCl3 (50 : 50–0 : 100, v/v) containing 1% Et3N and then CHCl3-MeOH (100 : 0–97 : 3, v/v) containing 1% Et3N to give the fractions containing 14. The fractions were collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was finally evaporated by repeated coevaporation three times each with toluene and CHCl3 to remove the last traces of pyridine to give compound 14 (1.2 g, 72%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 1.07–1.28 (m, 12H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.42–2.62 (m, 3H), 3.14–3.29 (m, 3H), 3.56–3.81 (m, 10H), 4.22 (s, 1H), 4.82–4.97 (m, 1H), 6.67–6.73 (m, 4H), 6.83 (t, 1H, J=4.1 Hz), 7.12–7.37 (m, 11H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 24.4, 24.5, 24.7, 29.6, 30.9, 37.3, 37.4, 43.1, 43.3, 55.1, 58.1, 58.3, 58.4, 58.6, 63.6, 63.7, 73.3, 73.7, 74.0, 77.2, 84.4, 85.2, 85.4, 85.9, 104.4, 112.8, 117.3, 117.4, 126.3, 126.4, 127.4, 128.0, 128.1, 129.8, 129.9, 135.8, 135.9, 137.2, 144.6, 151.3, 154.2, 155.2, 158.0, 158.1, 168.3. 31P NMR (CDCl3) {delta} 149.2, 149.4. HRMS (ESI) m/z (M + Na) calcd for C42H50N7NaO7P+: 818.3407; found: 818.3408.

Synthesis of oligonucleotides 5–6, 15–19 and PDP 20
The synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides 5-6 and 15-17 was carried out on an HCP resin having a silyl linker in an ABI 392 DNA synthesizer (26).

The fully protected oligomer after chain elongation was deprotected by treatment with a 10% 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) solution in CH3CN (500 µl) at room temperature for 1 min. Then, the mixture containing oligoDNAs was released from the resin by treatment with a solution of Et3N·3HF (0.20 M) and Et3N (0.40 M) in THF (500 µl) at room temperature for 4 h. The polymer support was removed by filtration and washed with 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer (1 mlx3). The filtrate was purified by anion-exchange HPLC to give oligonucleotides 5–6 and 15–17.

Oligonucleotide 5: TACCTAA*ATCCAT (A*: ac6A) MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C128H164 N45O76P12+ 3920.61, found 3919.16.

Oligonucleotide 6: TACCTAA*ATCCAT (A*: bz6A) MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C133H166N45 O76P12+: 3982.68; found: 3987.16.

Oligonucleotide 15: TACCTAA*ATCCAT (A*: ox8ac6A) MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C128H164N45O77P12+: 3936.61; found: 3933.83.

Oligonucleotide 16: TACCTAA*ATCCAT (A*: ac6c7A) MALDI-TOF Mass (M + H) calcd for C129H165N44 O76P12+: 3919.62; found: 3919.56.

Oligonucleotide 17: TACCTAA*ATCCAT (A*: ac6az8 c7A) MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C128H164 N45O76P12+: 3920.61; found: 3921.27

Oligonucleotide 18: TACCTA*A*A*TCCAT (A*: ac6 az8c7A) MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C132 H168N45O78P12+: 4002.74; found: 3997.33

Oligonucleotide 19: TA*CCTAA*ATCCA*T (A*: ac6 az8c7A) MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C132H168 N45O78P12+: 4002.74; found: 3995.09

PDP 20: TA*C*C*TA*A*A*TC*C*A*T (A*: ac6az8c7A, C*: ac4C), MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C144H180N45O84P12+: 4256.91; found: 4254.82.

Tm measurement
An appropriate oligonucleotide (2 µM) and its complementary 2 µM ssDNA 12mer or ssRNA 12mer were dissolved in a buffer consisting of 150 mM NaCl (RNA: 10 mM), 10 mM sodium phosphate and 0.1 mM EDTA adjusted to pH 7.0. The solution was kept at 80°C for 10 min for complete dissociation of the duplex to single strands, cooled at the rate of –1.0°C/min, and kept at 15°C for 10 min. After that, the melting temperatures (Tm) were determined at 260 nm using a UV spectrometer (Pharma Spec UV-1700TM, Shimadzu) by increasing the temperature at the rate of 1.0°C/min.

Preparation of slide glass plates containing oligonucleotides 21–23 and PDPs 24–26
The synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotide 24–26 was carried out on an HCP resin having a silyl linker in ABI 392 DNA synthesizer (27).

The oligomer after chain elongation was deprotected by treatment with a 10% DBU solution in CH3CN (500 µl) at room temperature for 1 min. Then, the oligomer was released from the resin by treatment with a solution of Et3N·3HF (0.2 M) and Et3N (0.4 M) in THF (500 µl) at room temperature for 4 h. The polymer support was removed by filtration and washed with ammonium acetate buffer (1 mlx3). The filtrate was purified by anion-exchange HPLC.

PDP 23: 5'-H2N-(CH2)6-pTTTTT-GC*C*TC*C*GG TTC*A*T-3'; MALDI-TOF Mass (M + H) calcd for C193H253N54O123P12+: 5854.89; found: 5854.23.

PDP 25: 5'-H2N-(CH2)6-pTTTTT-GC*C*TC*TGGTT C*A*T-3'; MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C192H252N53O123P18+: 5827.86; found: 5832.28.

PDP 26: 5'-H2N-(CH2)6-pTTTTT-GC*C*TC*C*A*GT TC*A*T-3'; MALDI-TOF Mass (M+H) calcd for C195H255N54O123P18+: 5880.92; found: 5882.44,

On other hand, unmodified oligonucleotide 21–23 were purchased from Sigma Genosys.

Oligonucleotide 21: 5'-H2N-(CH2)6-pTTTTT-GCCTCC GGTTCAT-3'

Oligonucleotide 22: 5'-H2N-(CH2)6-pTTTTT-GCCTCT GGTTCAT-3'

Oligonucleotide 23: 5'-H2N-(CH2)6-pTTTTT-GCCTCC AGTTCAT-3'

These oligonucleotides 21–26 were spotted and immobilized on activated ester-coated glass plates by Kaken Geneqs Inc.

Match/mismatch discrimination by use of PDPs on slide glass plates
A slide glass plate having unmodified probes and PDP was added to a 0.02 µM solution of the target oligoDNA having a Cy3 residue at the 5' position in 5xSSC buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.2% SDDS. The mixture was incubated at 48°C or 55°C for 16 h. Next, the glass plate was washed with 5xSSC buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.2% SDDS for 5 min. After drying of the glass plate, the fluorescence strength of the plate was measured by fluorescence imager (Perkin Elmer ScanArray 5000 system).

Synthesis of PDPs 28–30 on CPG plate
The protected oligonucleotides probes on porous glass (2.7 µmol/g, 11 pmol/cm2, 16-hydroxyhexadodecanoyl linker) were synthesized in ABI 392 synthesizer. The coupling efficiency was monitored by DMTr cation assay.

After chain elongation, the 2-cyanoethyl group of the protected oligomer was deprotected by treatment with 10% DBU/CH3CN (500 µl) for 1 min.

Sequence of PDPs 28–30

28: 5'-d(GA*TA*C*A*TTGA*C*C*TTTTTTT)

29: 5'-d(GA*TA*C*C*TTGA*C*C*TTTTTTT)

30: 5'-d(GA*TA*C*A*C*TGA*C*C*TTTTTTT)

Match/mismatch discrimination by use of PDPs on CPG plates
A porous glass plate (10 mg) having a PDP was added to a 2 µM solution of target oligoDNA having a fluorescence group in 100 mM sodium phospate buffer (270 µl, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.0). The mixture was incubated at 60°C for 13 h. Next, washing of the glass plate was performed with 100 mM sodium phospate buffer (500 µl, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0) at 60°C for 1 h. After drying of the CPG plate, the fluorescence strength of the plate was measured by fluorescence microscopy.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 REFERENCES
 
Synthesis and properties of DNA oligomers having an N-acylated adenine derivative
First, we carried out the synthesis of DNA oligomers having an N-acylated adenine, i.e. 6-N-acetyladenine (ac6A) and 6-N-benzoyladenine (bz6A), to examine their base pairing properties. The phosphoramidite unit 3 of ac6A was synthesized in 65% yield by acetylation of the N-unprotected dA phosphoramidite with acetyl chloride (22), as shown in Figure 2. The phosphoramidite unit of bz6A was commercially available. We tried to synthesize these modified DNA oligomers using the activated phosphite method and a silyl linker (28), as shown in Figure 3. Each chain elongation was carried out using 1-hydroxy-6-nitrobenzotriazole in the presence of benzimidazolium triflate (BIT) (31) as an activator on thymidine-loaded HCP resins 4 (32). After chain elongation, the selective removal of the cyanoethyl groups of the internucleotidic phosphates was carried out by treatment with 10% DBU in CH3CN for 1 min and the successive release of the 5'-terminal DMTr group was carried out by treatment with 3% trichloroacetic acid in CH2Cl2. Finally, the modified DNA oligomers 5 and 6 were released from the resin by treatment with 0.2 M Et3N-3HF in THF at room temperature for 4 h. Purification of the crude products by anion-exchange HPLC gave the modified oligomers 5 and 6 in 33 and 41% yields, respectively.


Figure 2
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  		Figure 2. Synthesis of ac6A phosphoramidite unit 3. Reagents and conditions: (a) AcCl, EtNiPr2, THF, rt,1 h; (b) pyridine–NH3 aq. (2 : 1, v/v), rt, 10 min.

 

Figure 3
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  		Figure 3. Synthesis of modified DNA 5 and 6. Reagents and conditions: (a) protocol of the activated phosphite method on ABI392 DNA synthesizer; (b) DBU, CH3CN, rt, 1 min; (c) 3% CCl3COOH, CH2Cl2, rt, 1 min; (d) EtNH3-3HF, THF, rt, 4 h.

 
Subsequently, Tm experiments were carried out on the duplexes formed between these modified DNA oligomers and DNA oligomers having the complementary or single mismatch sequences, as shown in Table 1. These results showed that incorporation of a single N-acylated adenine base such as ac6A and bz6A decreased the stability of the resulting duplex [Tm: 40.3°C (ac6A), 37.1°C (bz6A) versus 44.5°C (unmodified DNA duplex)]. Moreover, it was found that the base recognition abilities of these acylated bases, which correspond to the difference ({Delta}Tm) in the Tm value between the matched and the most stable mismatched duplexes, were significantly lower than that of the unmodified DNA [{Delta}Tm: –6.7°C (ac6A), –2.5°C (bz6A) versus –12.7°C (unmodified DNA)]. These results indicated that simple introduction of an acyl or benzoyl group into an adenine base decreases the stability of DNA because these protecting groups block the Watson–Crick base pairing site in the most stable conformer.


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  		Table 1. Tm values for DNA 13mer duplexes containing A, ac6A and bz6A

 
Synthesis of DNA oligomers having N-acylated 8-oxoadenine and 7-deazaadenine derivatives
Next, we designed three adenine mimic bases, i.e. 6-N-acetyl-8-oxoadenine (ac6ox8A), 6-N–acetyl-7-deazaadenine (ac6c7A), and 6-N-acetyl-8-aza-7-deazaadenine (ac6az8c7A), to fix the acyl group in a manner that it does not interfere with the Watson–Crick base pairing formation. The ab initio MO calculation of these adenine mimics at the MP2//HF/6-31G* level indicated that the structures having an intramolecular hydrogen bond via the 7-membered ring between the acetyl group and the C–H bond at the 7-position are more stable than the other structures without the hydrogen bond, as shown in Figure 4. The distances of these hydrogen bonds are 2.04, 2.25 and 2.27 Å. This computer modeling indicated that these modified bases can exist in such structures so that the W–C base pair site becomes available.


Figure 4
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  		Figure 4. The most stable structures of ac6ox8A, ac6c7A and ac6az8c7A by ab initio MO calculation.

 
We prepared the phosphoramidite derivatives of these adenine mimics to incorporate them into DNA oligomers. The phosphoramidite unit of ac6ox8A was synthesized according to Essigmann's procedure (33). The synthesis of the phosphoramidite building block 10 of ac6c7A is shown in Figure 5. First, O-selective tritylation of compound 7 (34) with DMTrCl in the presence of Et3N and CHCl2COOH (35) gave compound 8 in 68% yield. Treatment of 8 with AcCl in the presence of TMSCl followed by hydrolysis gave the N-acetylated compound 9 in 95% yield. Finally, phosphitylation of 9 with ClP(OCE)NiPr2 afforded the desired phosphoramidite 10 of ac6c7A in 91% yield.


Figure 5
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  		Figure 5. Synthesis of the ac6c7A phosphoramidite unit 10. Reagents and conditions: (a) DMTrCl, Et3N, CHCl2COOH, pyridine, rt, 4 h; (b) TMSCl, pyridine, rt, 30 min, then AcCl, rt, 4 h; (c) pyridine-concentrated NH3 aq. (2 : 1, v/v), rt, 10 min; (d) ClP(OCE)NiPr2, EtNiPr2, CH2Cl2, rt, 30 min.

 
For the synthesis of the phosphoramidite derivative 14 of ac6az8c7A, O-selective tritylation was carried out to give compound 12 after treatment of compound 11 (36) with saturated NH3/MeOH, as shown in Figure 6. In a manner similar to that described in the synthesis of compound 9, treatment of 12 with AcCl in the presence of TMSCl followed by hydrolysis gave the N-acetylated compound 13 in 62% yield, which was further converted by reaction with CEOP(NiPr2)2 to the target phosphoramidite unit 14 in 72% yield.


Figure 6
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  		Figure 6. Synthesis of ac6az8c7A phosphoramidite unit 14. Reagents and conditions: (a) NH3, MeOH, 60°C, 3 d; (b) DMTrCl, Et3N, CHCl2COOH, pyridine, rt, 4 h; (c) TMSCl, pyridine, rt, 30 min, then AcCl, rt, 4 h; (d) pyridine–concentrated NH3 aq. (2:1, v/v), rt, 10 min; (e) CEOP(NiPr2)2, HNiPr2, 1H-tetrazole, CH2Cl2, rt, 12 h.

 
Based on the X-ray structural analysis of ac4C, Parthasarathy and coworkers reported that the distance between the carbonyl oxygen and the 5-vinyl proton was 2.14 Å, suggesting that the electron withdrawing ability of the acetyl group probably has polarized 5-H also sufficiently to take part in hydrogen bonding (20). Previously, we reported that the chemical shift of the 5-H proton of ac4C exhibited a downfield shift of 1.21 p.p.m. compared with that of dC in its 1H NMR spectrum because of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen atom and the 5-vinyl proton (21). However, the downfield shift of the 7-H protons of ac6c7A and ac6az8c7A was smaller (only 0.3–0.4 p.p.m.) than that of ac4C. As far as the possibility of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds suggested by the ab initio MO calculation of ac6c7A and ac6az8c7A is concerned, further studies are needed.

The three modified DNA oligomers 15–17 incorporating ac6ox8A, ac6c7A or ac6az8c7A were synthesized and isolated in 44, 25 and 24% yields, respectively, using the activated phosphite method without base protection described above.

Hybridization and base recognition of DNA oligomers having N-acylated 8-oxoadenine and 7-deazaadenine derivatives
The hybridization affinity and base recognition ability of the DNA 13mers containing ac6ox7A (15), ac6c7A (16) and ac6az8c7A (17) were measured and the results are listed in Table 2. The hybridization affinity and base recognition ability of the DNA 13mer 15 containing an ac6ox8A were lower than those of the unmodified DNA 13mer, as shown in Table 2 (Tm of X=T: 42.4°C versus 44.5°C, base recognition ability: –11.3°C versus –12.7°C). A similar decrease in the hybridization affinity and base recognition ability was observed for the DNA 13mer 16 containing an ac6c7A (Tm of X=T: 43.8°C versus 44.5°C, base recognition ability: –11.7°C versus –12.7°C). The ability of the amide proton of ac6c7A as the proton donor might decrease compared with the unmodified adenine because the acidity of the amide proton of ac6c7A might become lower than that of the adenine base due to replacement of the electronegative nitrogen atom by a carbon atom at the 7-position.


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  		Table 2. Tm values for DNA 13mer duplexes containing A, ac6ox8A, ac6 c7A and ac6az8c7A

 
However, it was found that the hybridization affinity and base recognition ability of DNA 13mer 17 containing an ac6az8c7A were similar to those of unmodified DNA 13mer (Tm of X=T: 44.7°C versus 44.5°C, base recognition ability: –13.5°C versus –12.7°C). The Tm values of DNA 13mer 18 containing three consecutive ac6az8c7As and 19 containing three discontinuous ac6az8c7As were also measured to study the additive effect of this adenine mimic. The hybridization affinity of DNA 18 was significantly higher by 7.8°C than that of unmodified DNA (Tm of X=T: 52.3°C versus 44.5°C). Similarly, DNA 19 containing three discontinuous ac6az8c7As showed strong hybridization affinity (Tm of X=T: 51.1°C). Interestingly, the base recognition ability of DNA 18 increased by 3.9°C ({Delta}Tm: –16.6°C versus –12.7°C) compared with the unmodified DNA, though the base recognition ability of DNA 19 ({Delta}Tm: –13.7°C) was similar to that of unmodified DNA. These results indicated that ac6az8c7A must be a good candidate adenine mimic useful for realization of the PDP strategy.

Hybridization and base recognition of PDP 20
To examine the utility of the PDP strategy, PDP 20 containing ac6az8c7As and ac4Cs, which were substituted for all A and C bases in these sequences, were synthesized using four phosphoramidite building blocks involving the N-unprotected dG and T phosphoramidite units. Previously, we reported that the hybridization affinity of oligonucleotides incorporating an ac4C residue slightly increased compared with unmodified oligonucleotides (21,37). The effect of these modified bases on the hybridization affinity and base recognition ability of PDP 20 having an ac6az8c7A at the recognition site was studied, as shown in Table 3. As a result, the Tm value of the duplex between PDP 20 and the complementary DNA oligomer was significantly higher by 15.2°C than that of the unmodified duplex (Tm of X=T: 59.7°C versus 44.5°C). The base recognition ability was also increased by 4.8°C ({Delta}Tm: –17.5°C versus –12.7°C). These results showed that PDP 20 not only has high hybridization affinity but also has high recognition ability even in the presence of the nine modified bases in the DNA 13mer probe. Moreover, it was found that the hybridization affinity of PDP 20 for the complementary RNA oligomer was increased by 11.3°C (Tm of X=T: 51.3°C versus 40.0°C) with similar base recognition ability compared with that of the unmodified DNA ({Delta}Tm: –9.1°C versus –9.5°C).


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  		Table 3. Tm values for PDP 20 (recognition site of unmodified DNA and PDP: A and A*)-DNA and PDP 20-RNA duplexes

 
In further study, we examined the Tm values of other PDPs having different sequences to study the effect of the sequence on hybridization affinity and base recognition ability, as shown in Tables S1–3 of Supplementary Data. These results also indicate that the hybridization affinity of PDPs increased not only toward the complementary DNA strand but also toward the complementary RNA strand without losing sequence selectivity.

SNPs analysis using PDPs immobilized on glass plates by the post synthetic procedure
To see if PDPs are actually superior to unmodified DNA probes when they are immobilized on glass plates, we prepared glass plates having PDPs that target three kinds of oligonucleotides, i.e. wild-type, HSC-4 and Ca9-22 mutant, selected from the SNPs in the 947 and 966th regions of a human p53 gene (38), as shown in Table 4. The 5'-amino unmodified probes 21–23 and PDPs 24–26 complementary to the above three sequences were synthesized. They were attached to the activated ester-coated glass plates via an amide bond to give slide glass plates having unmodified probes 21–23 and PDPs 24–26.


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  		Table 4. Sequences of Cy3-labeled target 27, unmodified probes 21–23, and PDPs 24–26

 
Thus, hybridization experiments of a Cy3-labeled DNA 20mer 27 having the wild-type sequence of the p53 gene with PDPs 24–26 and unmodified probes 21–23 (21 and 24: wild-type probes, 22 and 25: HSC-4 mutant probes, 23 and 26: Ca9 mutant probes) were carried out, as shown in Figure 7. Their hybridization affinity at 48°C was evaluated by the strength of fluorescence remaining on the glass plates. The strength of fluorescence derived from the wild-type 27 that bound to the wild-type PDP 24 was 1.5 times higher than that observed in the case of the unmodified wild-type probe 21. This result indicated markedly higher binding affinity of PDP 24 for the fully matched target 27 than the unmodified probe 21.


Figure 7
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  		Figure 7. Match/mismatch discrimination of target DNA 27 by unmodified probes 21–23 and PDPs 24–26. The fluorescence of Cy3 was measured using a fluorescence imager (Laser power 40, PM Gain 70). The hybridization was performed for 16 h at (a) 48°C and (b) 55°C on a slide glass.

 
Subsequently, we compared the probability of failure of detection of the wild-type target 27 by PDP 25 and the unmodified probe 22 both having a sequence complementary to the HSC-4 mutant. In the hybridization of the HSC-probes 22 and 25 to wild-type 27, a G–T mismatch base pair should be formed. As a result, in the case of the PDP, the fluorescence intensity obtained in the combination of the HSC-4 mutant PDP 25 and the wide-type sample 27 was 0.28 that was 5.3 times smaller than that of the wild-type probe 24/wild-type sample 27. On the other hand, in the case of the unmodified probe, the fluorescence intensity of the HSC-4 mutant probe 22/sample 27 was found to be 0.12 that was 8.0 times smaller than the wild-type probe 21/sample 27. These results indicated that the unmodified probe was superior to PDP in terms of sequence selectivity for hybridizations carried out at 48°C. As shown in the example of PDP 20, the PDP tends to stabilize the DNA duplex in comparison to the unmodified DNA probe. Therefore, the optimized temperature for the hybridization could be higher in the system using PDP than that using unmodified DNA. Therefore, we tried to increase the hybridization temperature to 55°C. As expected, the ability of base recognition of the PDP greatly increased. The fluorescence intensity of the perfectly matched duplex, wild-type probe 24/sample 27, became 1.20, whereas the combination of the HSC-4 mutant probe 25/sample 27 having a G–T mismatch was 0.05, 24 times smaller than 1.20. It should be noted that, although the fluorescence intensity of the perfectly matched combination slightly decreased under this high-temperature condition, the intensity was still greater than that of the unmodified probe at 48°C. The intensity of the perfectly matched duplex, wild-type probe 21/sample 27, was 2.2 times smaller than that of PDP 24/sample 27 at 55°C, although the base recognition of the unmodified probe was 1.2 times higher than that of PDP at 55°C. These results indicated that on-chip hybridization using PDP could increase sequence selectivity without a decrease in fluorescence intensity compared with that of the unmodified probe.

Similarly, we also examined the probability of failure of detection of the wild-type target 27 by PDP 26 having a sequence complementary to the Ca-9 mutant. As a result, it was found that the selectivity of the PDP was sufficiently high to distinguish the matched base pair from the C–A mismatched base pair (the intensity was 60 times smaller than that of the perfectly matched base pair), although the base recognition of unmodified probe was higher than that of the PDP at 48°C and 55°C.

SNPs analysis using PDPs prepared on CPG plates by on-chip synthesis
Furthermore, to examine hybridization of in situ synthesized PDP, we carried out model experiments of SNP analysis using FITC-labeled DNA 20mers 31–33 having the wild-type 31, 1075-mutant 32, and 1076-mutant sequence 33 of a P450 gene (39,40) and PDP synthesized on uniformly flattened square discs of CPG (PDP–CPG discs) with thickness of 1 mm (30), as shown in Table 5. Three kinds of PDP–CPG discs 28–30 (28: wild-type probe, 29: 1075-mutant probe, 30: 1076-mutant probe) were prepared directly by the synthesis of the PDPs on these discs according to the standard phosphoramidite chemistry. Deprotection of the cyanoethyl groups and the 5'-terminal DMTr group was carried out using DBU in CH3CN (1 min) and 3% TCA in CH3CN (1 min), respectively, to give PDP–CPG discs 28–30. It should be noted that the usual treatment with ammonia is no longer required in this protocol, and the PDP could be immobilized to the CPG plates with quite high density (8 mol/g). The PDP–CPG discs 28–30 thus obtained were allowed to hybridize with the target DNA 20mers 31–33 having a fluoresceine residue at the 3' position. The hybridization affinity was estimated by the fluorescence strength on the disc, as shown in Figure 8. Similar to the experiments shown in Figure 7 the fluorescence intensity of each target DNA, for example, the DNA 20mer 31 captured by the matched PDP 28, was compared to those captured by the wrong PDPs 29 and 30.


Figure 8
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  		Figure 8. Match/mismatch discrimination using PDPs. The hybridization was performed for 12 h at 60°C on CPG plates. The fluorescence of FITC was measured using fluorescence microscopy.

 

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  		Table 5. Sequences of 3'-FITC -labeled targets 31–33 and PDPs 28–30

 
In the detection of the wild-type sample 31, the use of the matched PDP 28 gave fluorescence intensities that were 24 times and 91 times larger than those obtained when the 1075-mutant PDP 29 and the 1076-mutant PDP 30 were used, respectively. These results indicated the satisfactory base discrimination of ac4C on the in-situ synthesized DNA chips. Similarly, in the detection of the 1075-mutant target 32 and the 1076-mutant 33, the in-situ synthesized PDP–CPG discs showed precise recognition of the target DNA by the corresponding PDP 29 and PDP 30, respectively. When the target site was GA (sample 32), the PDP–CPG discs 28–30 showed somewhat low recognition ability (at most 4-fold discrimination), probably because of the higher stability of the G–A mismatch (41), but the highly selective discrimination (more than 10-fold) between G–T matched and T–C* mismatched base pairs could be performed when the target site was TG (sample 33).


   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 REFERENCES
 
In summary, we successfully synthesized modified DNAs having an N-acylated adenine mimic, 6-N-acetyl-8-aza-7-deazaadenine (ac6az8c7A), with hybridization affinity superior to those having an unmodified adenine base. In addition, we have demonstrated that the protected oligonucleotide probes, PDP, attached to CPG discs could be easily synthesized by the conventional phosphoramidite approach without ammonia treatment and could be used as new tools capable of hybridization with DNA with high binding affinity and without a decrease in base recognition. The present strategy that is performed in a straightforward manner eliminates the time-consuming procedures for isolation of DNA probes as well as for deprotection of the base moieties and would be useful for development of new DNA chips. Further studies are now under way in this direction.


   SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REFERENCES
 
Supplementary Data are available at NAR Online.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
This work was supported by a grant from CREST of JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. This work was supported in part by a grant from the Genome Network Project from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan and by the COE21 project. Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the CREST project.

Conflict of interest statement. None declared.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 REFERENCES
 

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