Nucleic Acids Research, Vol 27, Issue 15 2991-3000, Copyright © 1999 by Oxford University Press
S Philipsen and G Suske
One of the most common regulatory elements is the GC box and the related
GT/CACC box, which are widely distributed in promoters, enhancers and locus
control regions of housekeeping as well as tissue- specific genes. For long
it was generally thought that Sp1 is the major factor acting through these
motifs. Recent discoveries have shown that Sp1 is only one of many
transcription factors binding and acting through these elements. Sp1 simply
represents the first identified and cloned protein of a family of
transcription factors characterised by a highly conserved DNA-binding
domain consisting of three zinc fingers. Currently this new family of
transcription factors has at least 16 different mammalian members. Here, we
will summarise and discuss recent advances that have been directed towards
understanding the biological role of these proteins.
REVIEWS
A tale of three fingers: the family of mammalian Sp/XKLF transcription factors
Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands and.
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K. Aizawa, T. Suzuki, N. Kada, A. Ishihara, K. Kawai-Kowase, T. Matsumura, K. Sasaki, Y. Munemasa, I. Manabe, M. Kurabayashi, et al. Regulation of Platelet-derived Growth Factor-A Chain by Kruppel-like Factor 5: NEW PATHWAY OF COOPERATIVE ACTIVATION WITH NUCLEAR FACTOR-{kappa}B J. Biol. Chem., January 2, 2004; 279(1): 70 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Nakamura, F. Unda, S. de-Vega, A. Vilaxa, S. Fukumoto, K. M. Yamada, and Y. Yamada The Kruppel-like Factor Epiprofin Is Expressed by Epithelium of Developing Teeth, Hair Follicles, and Limb Buds and Promotes Cell Proliferation J. Biol. Chem., January 2, 2004; 279(1): 626 - 634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Valanciute, S. le Gouvello, B. Solhonne, A. Pawlak, P. Grimbert, L. Lyonnet, S. Hue, P. Lang, P. Remy, R. Salomon, et al. NF-{kappa}B p65 Antagonizes IL-4 Induction by c-maf in Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome J. Immunol., January 1, 2004; 172(1): 688 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Miyamoto, T. Suzuki, S. Muto, K. Aizawa, A. Kimura, Y. Mizuno, T. Nagino, Y. Imai, N. Adachi, M. Horikoshi, et al. Positive and Negative Regulation of the Cardiovascular Transcription Factor KLF5 by p300 and the Oncogenic Regulator SET through Interaction and Acetylation on the DNA-Binding Domain Mol. Cell. Biol., December 1, 2003; 23(23): 8528 - 8541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. J. Dempsey, L. S. Ojalvo, D. W. Wu, and J. A. Little Induction of an embryonic globin gene promoter by short-chain fatty acids Blood, December 1, 2003; 102(12): 4214 - 4222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. A. Navas, R. A. Swank, M. Yu, K. R. Peterson, and G. Stamatoyannopoulos Mutation of a transcriptional motif of a distant regulatory element reduces the expression of embryonic and fetal globin genes Hum. Mol. Genet., November 15, 2003; 12(22): 2941 - 2948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Peng, H. He, J. Hay, and W. T. Ruyechan Interaction between the Varicella Zoster Virus IE62 Major Transactivator and Cellular Transcription Factor Sp1 J. Biol. Chem., September 26, 2003; 278(39): 38068 - 38075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. K. Wong, K. Chen, and J. C. Shih Decreased Methylation and Transcription Repressor Sp3 Up-regulated Human Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) B Expression during Caco-2 Differentiation J. Biol. Chem., September 19, 2003; 278(38): 36227 - 36235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-E. Gingras, K. Larouche, N. Larouche, S. Leclerc, C. Salesse, and S. L. Guerin Regulation of the Integrin Subunit {alpha}5 Gene Promoter by the Transcription Factors Sp1/Sp3 Is Influenced by the Cell Density in Rabbit Corneal Epithelial Cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2003; 44(9): 3742 - 3755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. K. Bachir, G. Garrel, A. Lozach, J.-N. Laverriere, and R. Counis The Rat Pituitary Promoter of the Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Contains an Sp1-, LIM Homeodomain-Dependent Enhancer and a Distinct Bipartite Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Responsive Region Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 3995 - 4007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Suzuki, N. Ueno, and A. Kuroiwa Hox Proteins Functionally Cooperate with the GC Box-binding Protein System through Distinct Domains J. Biol. Chem., August 8, 2003; 278(32): 30148 - 30156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Suzuki, S. Muto, S. Miyamoto, K. Aizawa, M. Horikoshi, and R. Nagai Functional Interaction of the DNA-binding Transcription Factor Sp1 through Its DNA-binding Domain with the Histone Chaperone TAF-I J. Biol. Chem., August 1, 2003; 278(31): 28758 - 28764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. F. van Loo, P. Bouwman, K.-W. Ling, S. Middendorp, G. Suske, F. Grosveld, E. Dzierzak, S. Philipsen, and R. W. Hendriks Impaired hematopoiesis in mice lacking the transcription factor Sp3 Blood, August 1, 2003; 102(3): 858 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Alimov, M. C. Langub, H. H. Malluche, and N. J. Koszewski Sp3/Sp1 in the Parathyroid Gland: Identification of an Sp1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Element in the Parathyroid Hormone Promoter Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 3138 - 3147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Davie Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activity by Butyrate J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2485S - 2493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Zhang, I. H. Diab, and Z. E. Zehner ZBP-89 represses vimentin gene transcription by interacting with the transcriptional activator, Sp1 Nucleic Acids Res., June 1, 2003; 31(11): 2900 - 2914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. O. Yang, R. T. Doty, J. S. Hicks, and D. M. Willerford Regulation of T-cell receptor D{beta}1 promoter by KLF5 through reiterated GC-rich motifs Blood, June 1, 2003; 101(11): 4492 - 4499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Tan, H. Peng, M. Osaki, B. K. Choy, P. E. Auron, L. J. Sandell, and M. B. Goldring Egr-1 Mediates Transcriptional Repression of COL2A1 Promoter Activity by Interleukin-1beta J. Biol. Chem., May 9, 2003; 278(20): 17688 - 17700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. A. Carr, J. Wan, R. N. Hines, and G. S. Yost Characterization of the Human Lung CYP2F1 Gene and Identification of a Novel Lung-specific Binding Motif J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2003; 278(18): 15473 - 15483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Zhang and C. T. Teng Phosphorylation of Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5/IKLF) at the CBP interaction region enhances its transactivation function Nucleic Acids Res., April 15, 2003; 31(8): 2196 - 2208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Turner, H. Nicholas, D. Bishop, J. M. Matthews, and M. Crossley The LIM Protein FHL3 Binds Basic Kruppel-like Factor/Kruppel-like Factor 3 and Its Co-repressor C-terminal-binding Protein 2 J. Biol. Chem., April 4, 2003; 278(15): 12786 - 12795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gaudreault, P. Carrier, K. Larouche, S. Leclerc, M. Giasson, L. Germain, and S. L. Guerin Influence of Sp1/Sp3 Expression on Corneal Epithelial Cells Proliferation and Differentiation Properties in Reconstructed Tissues Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2003; 44(4): 1447 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Chen, E.-R. Hyytinen, X. Sun, H. J. Helin, P. A. Koivisto, H. F. Frierson Jr, R. L. Vessella, and J.-T. Dong Deletion, Mutation, and Loss of Expression of KLF6 in Human Prostate Cancer Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2003; 162(4): 1349 - 1354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. von Marschall, A. Scholz, T. Cramer, G. Schafer, M. Schirner, K. Oberg, B. Wiedenmann, M. Hocker, and S. Rosewicz Effects of Interferon Alpha on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Transcription and Tumor Angiogenesis J Natl Cancer Inst, March 19, 2003; 95(6): 437 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Gowri, J. H. Yu, A. Shaufl, M. A. Sperling, and R. K. Menon Recruitment of a Repressosome Complex at the Growth Hormone Receptor Promoter and Its Potential Role in Diabetic Nephropathy Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 2003; 23(3): 815 - 825. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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