Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 6 1397-1406
© 2000 Oxford University Press
Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39
The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA, 1University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada and 2University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
The genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) strain Nigg (1 069 412 nt) and Chlamydia pneumoniae strain AR39 (1 229 853 nt) were determined using a random shotgun strategy. The MoPn genome exhibited a general conservation of gene order and content with the previously sequenced C.trachomatis serovar D. Differences between C.trachomatis strains were focused on an ~50 kb ‘plasticity zone’ near the termination origins. In this region MoPn contained three copies of a novel gene encoding a >3000 amino acid toxin homologous to a predicted toxin from Escherichia coli 0157:H7 but had apparently lost the tryptophan biosyntheis genes found in serovar D in this region. The C.pneumoniae AR39 chromosome was >99.9% identical to the previously sequenced C.pneumoniae CWL029 genome, however, comparative analysis identified an invertible DNA segment upstream of the uridine kinase gene which was in different orientations in the two genomes. AR39 also contained a novel 4524 nt circular single-stranded (ss)DNA bacteriophage, the first time a virus has been reported infecting C.pneumoniae. Although the chlamydial genomes were highly conserved, there were intriguing differences in key nucleotide salvage pathways: C.pneumoniae has a uridine kinase gene for dUTP production, MoPn has a uracil phosphororibosyl transferase, while C.trachomatis serovar D contains neither gene. Chromosomal comparison revealed that there had been multiple large inversion events since the species divergence of C.trachomatis and C.pneumoniae, apparently oriented around the axis of the origin of replication and the termination region. The striking synteny of the Chlamydia genomes and prevalence of tandemly duplicated genes are evidence of minimal chromosome rearrangement and foreign gene uptake, presumably owing to the ecological isolation of the obligate intracellular parasites. In the absence of genetic analysis, comparative genomics will continue to provide insight into the virulence mechanisms of these important human pathogens.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 301 838 0200; Fax: +1 301 838 0208; Email: cmfraser@tigr.org
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K. D. E. Everett, M. Thao, M. Horn, G. E. Dyszynski, and P. Baumann Novel chlamydiae in whiteflies and scale insects: endosymbionts 'Candidatus Fritschea bemisiae' strain Falk and 'Candidatus Fritschea eriococci' strain Elm Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2005; 55(4): 1581 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Cochrane, P. Walker, H. Gibbs, and P. Timms Multiple genotypes of Chlamydia pneumoniae identified in human carotid plaque Microbiology, July 1, 2005; 151(7): 2285 - 2290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Somer, Y. Danin-Poleg, E. Diamant, R. Gur-Arie, Y. Palti, and Y. Kashi Amplified Intergenic Locus Polymorphism as a Basis for Bacterial Typing of Listeria spp. and Escherichia coli Appl. Envir. Microbiol., June 1, 2005; 71(6): 3144 - 3152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. R. Thomson, C. Yeats, K. Bell, M. T.G. Holden, S. D. Bentley, M. Livingstone, A. M. Cerdeno-Tarraga, B. Harris, J. Doggett, D. Ormond, et al. The Chlamydophila abortus genome sequence reveals an array of variable proteins that contribute to interspecies variation Genome Res., May 1, 2005; 15(5): 629 - 640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Dong, Y. Zhong, B. Arulanandam, and G. Zhong Production of a Proteolytically Active Protein, Chlamydial Protease/Proteasome-Like Activity Factor, by Five Different Chlamydia Species Infect. Immun., March 1, 2005; 73(3): 1868 - 1872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Griffin, C. Roshick, E. Iliffe-Lee, and G. McClarty Catalytic Mechanism of Chlamydia trachomatis Flavin-dependent Thymidylate Synthase J. Biol. Chem., February 18, 2005; 280(7): 5456 - 5467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. D. de Kruif, E. C.M. van Gorp, T. T. Keller, J. M. Ossewaarde, and H. ten Cate Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in mouse models: relevance for atherosclerosis research Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2005; 65(2): 317 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Pannekoek, V. Heurgue-Hamard, A. A. J. Langerak, D. Speijer, R. H. Buckingham, and A. van der Ende The N5-Glutamine S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine-Dependent Methyltransferase PrmC/HemK in Chlamydia trachomatis Methylates Class 1 Release Factors J. Bacteriol., January 15, 2005; 187(2): 507 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Wang and D. A. Julin DNA Helicase Activity of the RecD Protein from Deinococcus radiodurans J. Biol. Chem., December 10, 2004; 279(50): 52024 - 52032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Carlson, S. Hughes, D. Hogan, G. Cieplak, D. E. Sturdevant, G. McClarty, H. D. Caldwell, and R. J. Belland Polymorphisms in the Chlamydia trachomatis Cytotoxin Locus Associated with Ocular and Genital Isolates Infect. Immun., December 1, 2004; 72(12): 7063 - 7072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. W. Solomon, R. W. Peeling, A. Foster, and D. C. W. Mabey Diagnosis and Assessment of Trachoma Clin. Microbiol. Rev., October 1, 2004; 17(4): 982 - 1011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Dugan, D. D. Rockey, L. Jones, and A. A. Andersen Tetracycline Resistance in Chlamydia suis Mediated by Genomic Islands Inserted into the Chlamydial inv-Like Gene Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2004; 48(10): 3989 - 3995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. F. Riska, A. Kutlin, P. Ajiboye, A. Cua, P. M. Roblin, and M. R. Hammerschlag Genetic and Culture-Based Approaches for Detecting Macrolide Resistance in Chlamydia pneumoniae Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2004; 48(9): 3586 - 3590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. O. Eko, Q. He, T. Brown, L. McMillan, G. O. Ifere, G. A. Ananaba, D. Lyn, W. Lubitz, K. L. Kellar, C. M. Black, et al. A Novel Recombinant Multisubunit Vaccine against Chlamydia J. Immunol., September 1, 2004; 173(5): 3375 - 3382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. R. Clifton, K. A. Fields, S. S. Grieshaber, C. A. Dooley, E. R. Fischer, D. J. Mead, R. A. Carabeo, and T. Hackstadt From The Cover: A chlamydial type III translocated protein is tyrosine-phosphorylated at the site of entry and associated with recruitment of actin PNAS, July 6, 2004; 101(27): 10166 - 10171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Gomes, W. J. Bruno, M. J. Borrego, and D. Dean Recombination in the Genome of Chlamydia trachomatis Involving the Polymorphic Membrane Protein C Gene Relative to ompA and Evidence for Horizontal Gene Transfer J. Bacteriol., July 1, 2004; 186(13): 4295 - 4306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. Wilson and M. Tan Stress Response Gene Regulation in Chlamydia Is Dependent on HrcA-CIRCE Interactions J. Bacteriol., June 1, 2004; 186(11): 3384 - 3391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Horn, A. Collingro, S. Schmitz-Esser, C. L. Beier, U. Purkhold, B. Fartmann, P. Brandt, G. J. Nyakatura, M. Droege, D. Frishman, et al. Illuminating the Evolutionary History of Chlamydiae Science, April 30, 2004; 304(5671): 728 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Hogan, S. A. Mathews, S. Mukhopadhyay, J. T. Summersgill, and P. Timms Chlamydial Persistence: beyond the Biphasic Paradigm Infect. Immun., April 1, 2004; 72(4): 1843 - 1855. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Su, G. McClarty, F. Dong, G. M. Hatch, Z. K. Pan, and G. Zhong Activation of Raf/MEK/ERK/cPLA2 Signaling Pathway Is Essential for Chlamydial Acquisition of Host Glycerophospholipids J. Biol. Chem., March 5, 2004; 279(10): 9409 - 9416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Greene, Y. Xiao, Y. Huang, G. McClarty, and G. Zhong Chlamydia-Infected Cells Continue To Undergo Mitosis and Resist Induction of Apoptosis Infect. Immun., January 1, 2004; 72(1): 451 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Belland, D. E. Nelson, D. Virok, D. D. Crane, D. Hogan, D. Sturdevant, W. L. Beatty, and H. D. Caldwell Transcriptome analysis of chlamydial growth during IFN-{gamma}-mediated persistence and reactivation PNAS, December 23, 2003; 100(26): 15971 - 15976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Everson, S. A. Garner, P. R. Lambden, B. A Fane, and I. N. Clarke Host Range of Chlamydiaphages {phi}CPAR39 and Chp3 J. Bacteriol., November 1, 2003; 185(21): 6490 - 6492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Greub and D. Raoult History of the ADP/ATP-Translocase-Encoding Gene, a Parasitism Gene Transferred from a Chlamydiales Ancestor to Plants 1 Billion Years Ago Appl. Envir. Microbiol., September 1, 2003; 69(9): 5530 - 5535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Marchesi and A. J. Weightman Comparing the Dehalogenase Gene Pool in Cultivated {alpha}-Halocarboxylic Acid-Degrading Bacteria with the Environmental Metagene Pool Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 1, 2003; 69(8): 4375 - 4382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. I. Byrne Chlamydia uncloaked PNAS, July 8, 2003; 100(14): 8040 - 8042. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Belland, G. Zhong, D. D. Crane, D. Hogan, D. Sturdevant, J. Sharma, W. L. Beatty, and H. D. Caldwell Genomic transcriptional profiling of the developmental cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis PNAS, July 8, 2003; 100(14): 8478 - 8483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Longbottom Chlamydial vaccine development J. Med. Microbiol., July 1, 2003; 52(7): 537 - 540. [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Nakagawa, K. Kurokawa, A. Yamashita, M. Nakata, Y. Tomiyasu, N. Okahashi, S. Kawabata, K. Yamazaki, T. Shiba, T. Yasunaga, et al. Genome Sequence of an M3 Strain of Streptococcus pyogenes Reveals a Large-Scale Genomic Rearrangement in Invasive Strains and New Insights into Phage Evolution Genome Res., June 1, 2003; 13(6): 1042 - 1055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Carabeo, D. J. Mead, and T. Hackstadt Golgi-dependent transport of cholesterol to the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion PNAS, May 27, 2003; 100(11): 6771 - 6776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Slepenkin, V. Motin, L. M. de la Maza, and E. M. Peterson Temporal Expression of Type III Secretion Genes of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infect. Immun., May 1, 2003; 71(5): 2555 - 2562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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