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Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, Vol. 29, No. 21 4452-4461
© 2001 Oxford University Press

5-Methylcytosine DNA glycosylase participates in the genome-wide loss of DNA methylation occurring during mouse myoblast differentiation

Jean-Pierre Jost*, Edward J. Oakeley, Bing Zhu, Don Benjamin, Stéphane Thiry, Michel Siegmann and Yan-Chim Jost

Friedrich Miescher Institut, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland

Changes in gene expression during mouse myoblast differentiation were monitored by DNA microarray hybridisation. Four days after the onset of differentiation 2.37% of the genes increased in activity from a value of zero, whereas during the same time 1.68% of total genes had decreased expression. During the first 24 h of differentiation an average of 700 000 CpG sites per haploid genome were demethylated. Maximal loss of DNA methylation is attained after 2 days of differentiation, followed by a gradual remethylation. The highest demethylation is observed in highly repeated DNA sequences, followed by single copy sequences. When DNA replication is inhibited by aphidicolin or L-mimosine this genome-wide demethylation is still observed. During the first 3 h of differentiation there is an increase in the number of hemimethylated CpG sites, which disappear rapidly during the course of genome-wide hypomethylation. Transfection of cells with an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide to 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase (G/T mismatch DNA glycosylase) decreases both the activity of the enzyme and genome-wide demethylation. It is concluded that the genome-wide loss of DNA methylation in differentiating mouse myoblasts occurs in part by formation of hemimethylated CpG sites, which can serve as the substrate for 5-methylcytosine-DNA glycosylase.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +41 61 697 6688; Fax: +41 61 721 4091; Email: jost{at}fmi.ch


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