Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, Vol. 29, No. 5 1097-1106
© 2001 Oxford University Press
Radical SAM, a novel protein superfamily linking unresolved steps in familiar biosynthetic pathways with radical mechanisms: functional characterization using new analysis and information visualization methods
1Applied Mathematics, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA, 2Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA and 3Statistics Resources, 4Synthesis, Analysis and Visualization of Information (SAVI) and 5Information Sciences and Engineering, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
A novel protein superfamily with over 600 members was discovered by iterative profile searches and analyzed with powerful bioinformatics and information visualization methods. Evidence exists that these proteins generate a radical species by reductive cleavage of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) through an unusual Fe-S center. The superfamily (named here Radical SAM) provides evidence that radical-based catalysis is important in a number of previously well- studied but unresolved biochemical pathways and reflects an ancient conserved mechanistic approach to difficult chemistries. Radical SAM proteins catalyze diverse reactions, including unusual methylations, isomerization, sulfur insertion, ring formation, anaerobic oxidation and protein radical formation. They function in DNA precursor, vitamin, cofactor, antibiotic and herbicide biosynthesis and in biodegradation pathways. One eukaryotic member is interferon-inducible and is considered a candidate drug target for osteoporosis; another is observed to bind the neuronal Cdk5 activator protein. Five defining members not previously recognized as homologs are lysine 2,3-aminomutase, biotin synthase, lipoic acid synthase and the activating enzymes for pyruvate formate-lyase and anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase. Two functional predictions for unknown proteins are made based on integrating other data types such as motif, domain, operon and biochemical pathway into an organized view of similarity relationships.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, K1-83, 906 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Tel: +1 509 372 4216; Fax: +1 509 375 6631; Email: heidi.sofia{at}pnl.gov
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J. P. Klinman How many ways to craft a cofactor? PNAS, December 18, 2001; 98(26): 14766 - 14768. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Datta, Y. Mori, K. Takagi, K. Kawaguchi, Z.-W. Chen, T. Okajima, S.'i. Kuroda, T. Ikeda, K. Kano, K. Tanizawa, et al. Structure of a quinohemoprotein amine dehydrogenase with an uncommon redox cofactor and highly unusual crosslinking PNAS, November 15, 2001; (2001) 241429098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Vandenberghe, J.-K. Kim, B. Devreese, A. Hacisalihoglu, H. Iwabuki, T. Okajima, S.'i. Kuroda, O. Adachi, J. A. Jongejan, J. A. Duine, et al. The Covalent Structure of the Small Subunit from Pseudomonas putida Amine Dehydrogenase Reveals the Presence of Three Novel Types of Internal Cross-linkages, All Involving Cysteine in a Thioether Bond J. Biol. Chem., November 9, 2001; 276(46): 42923 - 42931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Rebeil and W. L. Nicholson The subunit structure and catalytic mechanism of the Bacillus subtilis DNA repair enzyme spore photoproduct lyase PNAS, July 19, 2001; (2001) 161278998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Gralnick and D. Downs Protection from superoxide damage associated with an increased level of the YggX protein in Salmonellla enterica PNAS, June 12, 2001; (2001) 151243198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Torrents, R. Eliasson, H. Wolpher, A. Graslund, and P. Reichard The Anaerobic Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE TWO PROTEINS NrdD AND NrdG J. Biol. Chem., August 31, 2001; 276(36): 33488 - 33494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Gralnick and D. Downs Protection from superoxide damage associated with an increased level of the YggX protein in Salmonella enterica PNAS, July 3, 2001; 98(14): 8030 - 8035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Rebeil and W. L. Nicholson The subunit structure and catalytic mechanism of the Bacillus subtilis DNA repair enzyme spore photoproduct lyase PNAS, July 31, 2001; 98(16): 9038 - 9043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Datta, Y. Mori, K. Takagi, K. Kawaguchi, Z.-W. Chen, T. Okajima, S.'i. Kuroda, T. Ikeda, K. Kano, K. Tanizawa, et al. Structure of a quinohemoprotein amine dehydrogenase with an uncommon redox cofactor and highly unusual crosslinking PNAS, December 4, 2001; 98(25): 14268 - 14273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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