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Nucleic Acids Research, 2002, Vol. 30, No. 14 3181-3191
© 2002 Oxford University Press

A comparative genomic method for computational identification of prokaryotic translation initiation sites

Megon Walker1, Vladimir Pavlovic1 and Simon Kasif*,1,2

1 Bioinformatics Program and 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA

*To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Tel: +1 617 358 1845; Fax: +1 617 353 6766; Email: kasif{at}bu.edu
Correspondence may also be addressed to Vladimir Pavlovic. Tel: +1 617 358 2302; Fax: +1 617 353 6766; Email: vladimir{at}bu.edu

The ever growing number of completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes facilitates cross-species comparisons by genomic annotation algorithms. This paper introduces a new probabilistic framework for comparative genomic analysis and demonstrates its utility in the context of improving the accuracy of prokaryotic gene start site detection. Our frame work employs a product hidden Markov model (PROD-HMM) with state architecture to model the species-specific trinucleotide frequency patterns in sequences immediately upstream and downstream of a translation start site and to detect the contrasting non-synonymous (amino acid changing) and synonymous (silent) substitution rates that differentiate prokaryotic coding from intergenic regions. Depending on the intricacy of the features modeled by the hidden state architecture, intergenic, regulatory, promoter and coding regions can be delimited by this method. The new system is evaluated using a preliminary set of orthologous Pyrococcus gene pairs, for which it demonstrates an improved accuracy of detection. Its robustness is confirmed by analysis with cross-validation of an experimentally verified set of Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella thyphimurium LT2 orthologs. The novel architecture has a number of attractive features that distinguish it from previous comparative models such as pair-HMMs.


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