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Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 19 5568-5575
© 2003 Oxford University Press

The human checkpoint Rad protein Rad17 is chromatin-associated throughout the cell cycle, localizes to DNA replication sites, and interacts with DNA polymerase {epsilon}

Sean M. Post, Alan E. Tomkinson and Eva Y.-H. P. Lee*

Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA

*To whom correspondence should be addressed at present address. Tel: +1 949 824 9766; Fax: +1 949 824 9767; Email: elee{at}uci.edu
Present address:
Eva Y.-H. P. Lee, Department of Biological Chemistry and Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California–Irvine, Sprague Hall, Room 122, 839 Medical Science Court, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

The checkpoint Rad proteins Rad17, Rad9, Rad1, Hus1, ATR, and ATRIP become associated with chromatin in response to DNA damage caused by genotoxic agents and replication inhibitors, as well as during unperturbed DNA replication in S phase. Here we show that murine Rad17 is phosphorylated at two sites that were previously shown to be modified in response to DNA damage, independent of DNA damage and ATM, in proliferating tissue. In contrast to studies with Xenopus laevis extracts but similar to observations in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the level of chromatin-bound hRad17 remains relatively constant during the cell cycle and does not change significantly in response to DNA damage or replication block. However, phosphorylated hRad17 preferentially associates with the sites of ongoing DNA replication and interacts with the DNA replication protein, DNA polymerase {epsilon}. These results provide a link between the DNA damage checkpoint machinery and the replication apparatus and suggest that hRad17 may play a role in monitoring the progress of DNA replication via its interaction with DNA polymerase {epsilon}.


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