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Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 6 1753-1764
© 2003 Oxford University Press

Toucan: deciphering the cis-regulatory logic of coregulated genes

Stein Aerts, Gert Thijs, Bert Coessens, Mik Staes, Yves Moreau and Bart De Moor

Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SCD), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +32 16321801; Fax: +32 321970; Email: stein.aerts{at}esat.kuleuven.ac.be

TOUCAN is a Java application for the rapid discovery of significant cis-regulatory elements from sets of coexpressed or coregulated genes. Biologists can automatically (i) retrieve genes and intergenic regions, (ii) identify putative regulatory regions, (iii) score sequences for known transcription factor binding sites, (iv) identify candidate motifs for unknown binding sites, and (v) detect those statistically over-represented sites that are characteristic for a gene set. Genes or intergenic regions are retrieved from Ensembl or EMBL, together with orthologs and supporting information. Orthologs are aligned and syntenic regions are selected as candidate regulatory regions. Putative sites for known transcription factors are detected using our MotifScanner, which scores position weight matrices using a probabilistic model. New motifs are detected using our MotifSampler based on Gibbs sampling. Binding sites characteristic for a gene set—and thus statistically over-represented with respect to a reference sequence set—are found using a binomial test. We have validated Toucan by analyzing muscle-specific genes, liver-specific genes and E2F target genes; we have easily detected many known binding sites within intergenic DNA and identified new biologically plausible sites for known and unknown transcription factors. Software available at http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac. be/~dna/BioI/Software.html.


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