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Nucleic Acids Research 2004 32(13):3846-3855; doi:10.1093/nar/gkh698
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Published online 22 July 2004

Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 32 No. 13 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved

A YY1-binding site is required for accurate human LINE-1 transcription initiation

Jyoti N. Athanikar1, Richard M. Badge3 and John V. Moran1,2,*

1 Department of Human Genetics and 2 Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618, USA, and 3 Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 734 213 2921; Fax: +1 734 763 3784; Email: moranj{at}umich.edu

Received May 11, 2004; Revised and Accepted June 22, 2004

The initial step in Long Interspersed Element-1 (LINE-1) retrotransposition requires transcription from an internal promoter located within its 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). Previous studies have identified a YY1 (Yin Yang 1)-binding site as an important sequence in LINE-1 transcription. Here, we demonstrate that mutations in the YY1-binding site have only minor effects on transcription activation of the full-length 5'-UTR and LINE-1 mobility in a single round cultured cell retrotransposition assay. Instead, these mutations disrupt proper initiation of transcription from the +1 site of the 5'-UTR. Thus, we propose that the YY1-binding site functions as a component of the LINE-1 core promoter to direct accurate transcription initiation. Indeed, this sequence may explain the evolutionary success of LINE-1 by enabling full-length retrotransposed copies to undergo autonomous retrotransposition in subsequent generations.


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