Published online 16 August 2004
Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 32 No. 14 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved
Triplex DNA-mediated downregulation of Ets2 expression results in growth inhibition and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells
Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Via Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland and 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +41 918200366; Fax: +41 918200397; Email: pina.carbone{at}irb.unisi.ch
Correspondence may also be addressed to Carlo V. Catapano. Tel: +41 918200365; Fax: +41 918200397; Email: carlo.catapano{at}irb.unisi.ch
Received June 11, 2004; Revised and Accepted July 17, 2004
Ets2 is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors that in humans comprise 25 distinct members. Various Ets-domain transcription factors have been implicated in cancer development. Ets2 is expressed in prostate and breast cancer cells and is thought to have a role in promoting growth and survival in these cell types. However, a definitive role and the mechanisms whereby Ets2 acts in cancer cells are still unclear. Structural and functional similarities as well as overlapping DNA binding specificities complicate the identification of the specific roles of the various Ets factors. In this study, we used a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) to selectively inhibit Ets2 transcription in prostate cancer cells. We had previously shown that the Ets2-targeting TFO, which was directed to a unique purine-rich sequence critical for Ets2 promoter activity, acted with a high degree of sequence-specificity and target selectivity. TFO-mediated downregulation of Ets2 in prostate cancer cells induced important phenotypic changes, including inhibition of anchorage-dependent and anchorage -independent growth, cell cycle alterations and induction of apoptotic cell death. Expression of Ets2 under the control of a heterologous promoter abolished the anti-proliferative effects of the TFO in both short- and long-term assays, suggesting that these effects were a direct result of downregulation of Ets2 transcription and confirming target selectivity of the TFO. Furthermore, normal human fibroblasts, which expressed low levels of Ets2, were not affected by the Ets2-targeting TFO. Downregulation of Ets2 in prostate cancer cells was associated with reduced levels of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-xL and growth regulatory factors cyclin D1 and c-myc. These data revealed a specific role of this transcription factor in promoting growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, the activity and selectivity of the Ets2-targeting TFO suggest that it might represent a valid approach to prostate cancer therapy.
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