Published online 21 October 2004
Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 32 No. 18 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved
Expression profiles frame the promoter specificity dilemma of the ETS family of transcription factors
Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 801 581 7308; Fax: +1 801 585 1980; Email: Barbara.Graves{at}utah.edu
Received September 16, 2004; Revised and Accepted October 7, 2004
Sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that function as transcription factors are frequently encoded by gene families. Such proteins display highly conserved DNA binding properties, yet are expected to retain promoter selectivity. In this report we investigate this problem using the ets gene family, a group of metazoan genes whose members regulate cell growth and differentiation and are mutated in human cancers. We tested whether the level of mRNA can serve as a specificity determinant. The mRNA levels of the 27 paralogous human ets genes were measured in 23 tissues and cell lines. Real-time RT–PCR provided accurate measurement of absolute mRNA levels for each gene down to one copy per cell. Surprisingly, at least 16 paralogs were expressed in each cell sample and over half were expressed ubiquitously. Tissues and complementary cell lines showed similar expression patterns, indicating that tissue complexity was not a limitation. There was no unique, highly expressed gene for each cell type. Instead, one of only eight ets genes showed the highest expression in all samples. DNA binding studies illustrate both overlapping and unique specificities for ubiquitous ETS proteins. These findings establish the parameters of the promoter specificity dilemma within the ets family of transcription factors.
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