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Published online 14 April 2004

Nucleic Acids Research, 2004, Vol. 32, No. 6 e58
© 2004 Oxford University Press

Peptide-linked molecular beacons for efficient delivery and rapid mRNA detection in living cells

Nitin Nitin, Philip J. Santangelo, Gloria Kim, Shuming Nie and Gang Bao*

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 404 385 0373; Fax: +1 404 894 4243; Email: gang.bao{at}bme.gatech.edu

Received December 24, 2003; Revised and Accepted March 24, 2004

Real-time visualization of specific endogenous mRNA expression in vivo has the potential to revolutionize medical diagnosis, drug discovery, developmental and molecular biology. However, conventional liposome- or dendrimer-based cellular delivery of molecular probes is inefficient, slow, and often detrimental to the probes. Here we demonstrate the rapid and sensitive detection of RNA in living cells using peptide-linked molecular beacons that possess self-delivery, targeting and reporting functions. We conjugated the TAT peptide to molecular beacons using three different linkages and demonstrated that, at relatively low concentrations, these molecular beacon constructs were internalized into living cells within 30 min with nearly 100% efficiency. Further, peptide-based delivery did not interfere with either specific targeting by or hybridization-induced fluorescence of the probes. We could therefore detect human GAPDH and survivin mRNAs in living cells fluorescently, revealing intriguing intracellular localization patterns of mRNA. We clearly demonstrated that cellular delivery of molecular beacons using the peptide-based approach has far better performance compared with conventional transfection methods. The peptide-linked molecular beacons approach promises to open new and exciting opportunities in sensitive gene detection and quantification in vivo.


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