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Published online 30 April 2004

Nucleic Acids Research, 2004, Vol. 32, No. 8 2396-2410
© 2004 Oxford University Press

DNA binding and antigene activity of a daunomycin-conjugated triplex-forming oligonucleotide targeting the P2 promoter of the human c-myc gene

Giuseppina M. Carbone, Eileen McGuffie1, Sara Napoli, Courtney E. Flanagan1, Chiara Dembech2, Umberto Negri2, Federico Arcamone2, Massimo L. Capobianco2 and Carlo V. Catapano*

Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Via Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland, 1 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, USA and 2 ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +41 91 820 0365; Fax: +41 91 820 0397; Email: carlo.catapano{at}irb.unisi.ch
Correspondence may also be adddressed to Massimo L. Capobianco. Tel: +39 051 639 8287; Fax: +39 051 639 8349; Email: capobianco{at}isof.cnr.it

Received February 23, 2004; Revised and Accepted March 16, 2004

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFO) that bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner might be used as selective repressors of gene expression and gene-targeted therapeutics. However, many factors, including instability of triple helical complexes in cells, limit the efficacy of this approach. In the present study, we tested whether covalent linkage of a TFO to daunomycin, which is a potent DNA-intercalating agent and anticancer drug, could increase stability of the triple helix and activity of the oligonucleotide in cells. The 11mer daunomycin-conjugated GT (dauno-GT11) TFO targeted a sequence upstream of the P2 promoter, a site known to be critical for transcription of the c-myc gene. Band-shift assays showed that the dauno-GT11 formed triplex DNA with enhanced stability compared to the unmodified TFO. Band shift and footprinting experiments demonstrated that binding of dauno-GT11 was highly sequence-specific with exclusive binding to the 11 bp target site in the c-myc promoter. The daunomycin-conjugated TFO inhibited transcription in vitro and reduced c-myc promoter activity in prostate and breast cancer cells. The daunomycin-conjugated TFO was taken up by cells with a distinctive intracellular distribution compared to free daunomycin. However, cationic lipid-mediated delivery was required for enhanced cellular uptake, nuclear localization and biological activity of the TFO in cells. Dauno-GT11 reduced transcription of the endogenous c-myc gene in cells, but did not affect expression of non-target genes, such as ets-1 and ets-2, which contained very similar target sequences in their promoters. Daunomycin-conjugated control oligonucleotides unable to form triplex DNA with the target sequence did not have any effect in these assays, indicating that daunomycin was not directly responsible for the activity of daunomycin-conjugated TFO. Thus, attachment of daunomycin resulted in increased triplex stability and biological activity of the 11mer GT-rich TFO without compromising its specificity. These results encourage further testing of this approach to develop novel antigene therapeutics.


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