Published online 2 August 2005
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Activation of APE1/Ref-1 is dependent on reactive oxygen species generated after purinergic receptor stimulation by ATP
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine 33100 Udine, Italy 1Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy 2Department of Pediatrics Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research 1044 W. Walnut Bldg., Indianapolis, IN, USA
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +39 0432 494311; Fax: +39 0432 494301; Email: gtell{at}mail.dstb.uniud.it
Received April 26, 2005. Revised July 18, 2005. Accepted July 18, 2005.
Apurinic apyrimidinic endonuclease redox effector factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is involved both in the base excision repair (BER) of DNA lesions and in the eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. APE1/Ref-1 is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, through control of subcellular localization and post-translational modification. In response to stress conditions, several cell types release ATP, which exerts stimulatory effects on eukaryotic cells via the purinergic receptors (P2) family. By using western blot and immunofluorescence analysis on a human tumour thyroid cell line (ARO), we demonstrate that purinergic stimulation by extracellular ATP induces quick cytoplasm to nucleus translocation of the protein at early times and its neosynthesis at later times. Continuous purinergic triggering by extracellular ATP released by ARO cells is responsible for the control of APE1/Ref-1 intracellular level. Interference with intracellular pathways activated by P2 triggering demonstrates that Ca2+ mobilization and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are responsible for APE1/Ref-1 translocation. The APE1/Ref-1 activities on activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding and DNA repair perfectly match its nuclear enrichment upon ATP stimulation. The biological relevance of our data is reinforced by the observation that APE1/Ref-1 stimulation by ATP protects ARO cells by H2O2-induced cell death. Our data provide new insights into the complex mechanisms regulating APE1/Ref-1 functions.
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