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Identifying synonymous regulatory elements in vertebrate genomes
Energy, Environment, Biology, and Institutional Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, CA 94550, USA 1Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 925 422 5035; Fax: +1 925 422 2099; Email: ovcharenko1{at}llnl.gov
Received March 2, 2005. Revised March 23, 2005. Accepted April 13, 2005.
Synonymous gene regulation, defined by regulatory elements driving shared temporal and/or spatial aspects of gene expression, is most probably predicated on genomic elements that contain similar modules of certain transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). We have developed a method to scan vertebrate genomes for evolutionary conserved modules of TFBS in a predefined configuration, and created a tool, named SynoR that identifies synonymous regulatory elements (SREs) in vertebrate genomes. SynoR performs de novo identification of SREs utilizing known patterns of TFBS in active regulatory elements (REs) as seeds for genome scans. Layers of multiple-species conservation allow the use of differential phylogenetic sequence conservation filters in search of SREs and the results are displayed such as to provide an extensive annotation of the genes containing the detected REs. Gene Ontology categories are utilized to further functionally classify the identified genes, and integrated GNF Expression Atlas 2 data allow the cataloging of tissue-specificities of the predicted SREs. SynoR is publicly available at http://synor.dcode.org.
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