Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access originally published online on November 6, 2006
Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34(21):6170-6182; doi:10.1093/nar/gkl840
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Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 34, No. 21 6170-6182
© 2006 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Molecular Biology |
PARP-1 and Ku compete for repair of DNA double strand breaks by distinct NHEJ pathways
University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Institute of Medical Radiation Biology Hufeland street 55, 45122 Essen, Germany 1 Center for Neurovirology, Temple University 1900 North 12th, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 201 723 4152; Fax: +49 201 723 5966; Email: Georg.Iliakis{at}uk-essen.de
Received August 31, 2006. Revised October 3, 2006. Accepted October 8, 2006.
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) recognizes DNA strand interruptions in vivo and triggers its own modification as well as that of other proteins by the sequential addition of ADP-ribose to form polymers. This modification causes a release of PARP-1 from DNA ends and initiates a variety of responses including DNA repair. While PARP-1 has been firmly implicated in base excision and single strand break repair, its role in the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) remains unclear. Here, we show that PARP-1, probably together with DNA ligase III, operates in an alternative pathway of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) that functions as backup to the classical pathway of NHEJ that utilizes DNA-PKcs, Ku, DNA ligase IV, XRCC4, XLF/Cernunnos and Artemis. PARP-1 binds to DNA ends in direct competition with Ku. However, in irradiated cells the higher affinity of Ku for DSBs and an excessive number of other forms of competing DNA lesions limit its contribution to DSB repair. When essential components of the classical pathway of NHEJ are absent, PARP-1 is recruited for DSB repair, particularly in the absence of Ku and non-DSB lesions. This form of DSB repair is sensitive to PARP-1 inhibitors. The results define the function of PARP-1 in DSB repair and characterize a candidate pathway responsible for joining errors causing genomic instability and cancer.
Present address: Weizhong Wu, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion the first two authors should be regarded as joint first Authors
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