Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access originally published online on April 16, 2007
Nucleic Acids Research 2007 35(9):2955-2964; doi:10.1093/nar/gkm181
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Nucleic Acids Research, 2007, Vol. 35, No. 9 2955-2964
© 2007 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Molecular Biology |
All APOBEC3 family proteins differentially inhibit LINE-1 retrotransposition
1Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan and 2Department of Intractable Diseases, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 3 5285 1111; Fax: +81 3 5285 1189; Email: tokunaga{at}nih.go.jp
Received January 29, 2007. Revised February 25, 2007. Accepted March 13, 2007.
Approximately 17% of the human genome is comprised of long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1, L1) non-LTR retrotransposons. L1 retrotransposition is known to be the cause of several genetic diseases, such as hemophilia A, Duchene muscular dystrophy, and so on. The L1 retroelements are also able to cause colon cancer, suggesting that L1 transposition could occur not only in germ cells, but also in somatic cells if innate immunity would not function appropriately. The mechanisms of L1 transposition restriction in the normal cells, however, are not fully defined. We here show that antiretroviral innate proteins, human APOBEC3 (hA3) family members, from hA3A to hA3H, differentially reduce the level of L1 retrotransposition that does not correlate either with antiviral activity against Vif-deficient HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus, or with patterns of subcellular localization. Importantly, hA3G protein inhibits L1 retrotransposition, in striking contrast to the recent reports. Inhibitory effect of hA3 family members on L1 transposition might not be due to deaminase activity, but due to novel mechanism(s). Thus, we conclude that all hA3 proteins act to differentially suppress uncontrolled transposition of L1 elements.
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