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Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access published online on June 18, 2007
Nucleic Acids Research, doi:10.1093/nar/gkm451
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© 2007 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Molecular Biology

Nearest-neighbor non-additivity versus long-range non-additivity in TATA-box structure and its implications for TBP-binding mechanism

Hana Faiger, Marina Ivanchenko and Tali E. Haran*

Department of Biology, Technion, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 972 4 8293767; Fax: 972 4 8225153; Email: bitali{at}tx.technion.ac.il

Received March 14, 2007. Revised May 20, 2007. Accepted May 21, 2007.

TBP recognizes its target sites, TATA boxes, by recognizing their sequence-dependent structure and flexibility. Studying this mode of TATA-box recognition, termed ‘indirect readout’, is important for elucidating the binding mechanism in this system, as well as for developing methods to locate new binding sites in genomic DNA. We determined the binding stability and TBP-induced TATA-box bending for consensus-like TATA boxes. In addition, we calculated the individual information score of all studied sequences. We show that various non-additive effects exist in TATA boxes, dependent on their structural properties. By several criterions, we divide TATA boxes to two main groups. The first group contains sequences with 3–4 consecutive adenines. Sequences in this group have a rigid context-independent cooperative structure, best described by a nearest-neighbor non-additive model. Sequences in the second group have a flexible, context-dependent conformation, which cannot be described by an additive model or by a nearest-neighbor non-additive model. Classifying TATA boxes by these and other structural rules clarifies the different recognition pathways and binding mechanisms used by TBP upon binding to different TATA boxes. We discuss the structural and evolutionary sources of the difficulties in predicting new binding sites by probabilistic weight-matrix methods for proteins in which indirect readout is dominant.


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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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