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Nucleic Acids Research Advance Access published online on October 18, 2007
Nucleic Acids Research, doi:10.1093/nar/gkm821
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© 2007 The Author(s)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Surveys and Summaries

Oxidative DNA damage in mild cognitive impairment and late-stage Alzheimer's disease

Mark A. Lovell1,2,* and William R. Markesbery2,3

1Department of Chemistry, 2Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and 3Department of Pathology and Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 859 257 1412 x 251; Fax: +1 859 323 2866; Email: malove2{at}uky.edu

Received July 29, 2007. Revised September 18, 2007. Accepted September 18, 2007.

Increasing evidence supports a role for oxidative DNA damage in aging and several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Attack of DNA by reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydroxyl radicals, can lead to strand breaks, DNA–DNA and DNA–protein cross-linking, and formation of at least 20 modified bases adducts. In addition, {alpha},ß-unsaturated aldehydic by-products of lipid peroxidation including 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein can interact with DNA bases leading to the formation of bulky exocyclic adducts. Modification of DNA bases by direct interaction with ROS or aldehydes can lead to mutations and altered protein synthesis. Several studies of DNA base adducts in late-stage AD (LAD) brain show elevations of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHG), 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OHA), 5-hydroxycytosine (5-OHC), and 5-hydroxyuracil, a chemical degradation product of cytosine, in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from vulnerable regions of LAD brain compared to age-matched normal control subjects. Previous studies also show elevations of acrolein/guanine adducts in the hippocampus of LAD subjects compared to age-matched controls. In addition, studies of base excision repair show a decline in repair of 8-OHG in vulnerable regions of LAD brain. Our recent studies show elevated 8-OHG, 8-OHA, and 5,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine in both nuclear and mtDNA isolated from vulnerable brain regions in amnestic mild cognitive impairment, the earliest clinical manifestation of AD, suggesting that oxidative DNA damage is an early event in AD and is not merely a secondary phenomenon.


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